Changes in the Content and Composition of Pedogenic Iron Oxyhydroxides in a Chronosequence of Soils in Southern California

1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie D. McFadden ◽  
David M. Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Iron Oxyhydroxides ◽  
Fe Oxide ◽  
Logarithmic Model ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Studies of the pedogenic iron oxyhydroxides in suites of latest Holocene to middle Pleistocene soils formed on fluvial deposits of the transverse ranges, southern California, indicate that the content and composition of iron oxyhydroxide change in a systematic manner. Analysis of total secondary free iron oxides (dithionite extractable, Fe2O3d) and ferrihydrite (oxalate extractable, Fe2O3o) shows that (1) a single-logarithmic model (Y = a + b log X) or double logarithmic model (log Y = a + b log X), where Y is the total mass of pedogenic Fe oxides (g/cm2-soil column) and X is soil age, describes the rate of increase in Fe2O3d with time; (2) the Fe2O3d content correlates linearly with soil reddening and clay content; (3) the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio, which indicates the degree of Fe oxide crystallinity, is moderately high to very high (0.22–0.58) in middle Holocene to latest Pleistocene soils and progressively decreases to less than 0.10 in older soils; (4) the value of the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio also appears to be infuenced by climate; and (5) temporal changes in Fe oxide content and mineralogy are accompanied by related, systematic changes in clay mineralogy and organic matter content. These relationships are attributed to a soil environment that must initially favor ferrihydrite precipitation and/or organic matter-Fe complexation. Subsequent transformation to hematite causes increasingly intense reddening and a concomitant decrease in the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio. The results demonstrate that iron oxide analysis is useful for numerical age studies of noncalcic soils and shows potential as an indicator of paleoclimates.

Mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in tropical soils

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Ismail ◽  
K. Kalithasan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Rainfall Total

The mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in 5 soil series with different organic contents was determined in a greenhouse as well as under natural conditions. In these studies, the movement and biological activity of metsulfuron-methyl were determined by the bioassay method using long bean as a bioassay species. Bioactivity and movement of the herbicide down the soil profile were inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. Phytotoxic levels of metsulfuron-methyl were restricted to the 10-cm depth of the column containing Selangor Series soil except when it received 40 mL of water daily (depth, 10–15 cm). In Munchung Series, the phytotoxic level was also mainly in the 5–10 cm layer. However, when the column received 40 mL daily or every 4 days, the residue was detected in 15–20 cm and 10–15 cm zones, respectively. The phytotoxic level moved downward to the 20–25 cm layer both in Sogomana and Holyrood Series when 40 mL of water was given daily. A phytotoxic level of metsulfuron herbicide was detected in the 20–25 cm layer when the soil column containing Serdang Series was leached with 40 mL of water every 4 days or with 20 mL daily; the phytotoxic level was detected at a depth of 25–30 cm when this soil was watered daily with 40 mL. The downward movement of metsulfuron under natural conditions showed a pattern similar to that found under simulated conditions. Phytotoxic effects of the residue could be detected in the 25–30 cm and 15–20 cm zone of Serdang and Holyrood Series, respectively, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall (total 111·9 mm). Phytotoxic residue in both Sogomana and Munchung Series soil was detected in the 10–15 cm layer, and in the 5–10 cm layer for Selangor Series soil, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall. After exposure to 40 days of rainfall (total 152·8 mm) under natural conditions, the residue could be detected in the 15–20 cm layer of Selangor Series. The phytotoxic level moved deeper in soil with low organic matter after exposure to 40 days of rainfall. Fresh weight reduction was greater in the 20–30 cm layer in Serdang Series than in the top layer.

scholarly journals Lake sedimentation as an agent of postglacial transformation of interfluves and fluvial landscapes of the Borisoglebsk Upland, Central European Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Garankina ◽  
Vladimir R. Belyaev ◽  
Ilya G. Shorkunov ◽  
Yuliya V. Shishkina ◽  
Pavel V. Andreev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciation ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Lake Sedimentation

Abstract. Borisoglebsk Upland is considered an example of a secondary upland plain in the marginal zone of the last Middle Pleistocene glaciation. Moraine hills and kames were reworked by glaciofluvial processes and incised by small fluvial forms later. Its postglacial surface drift cover is regularly defined as an undivided complex of mantle loams of dominantly subaerial origin with characteristic cryogenic features and remnants of paleosols. However, some previous studies suggest that lake sedimentation played an important role in the postglacial history of the Borisoglebsk Upland. This paper presents results of a detailed investigation of postglacial sedimentary cover of the eastern part of the Borisoglebsk Upland aimed to reconstruct the co-evolution of surface deposits, soil cover and geomorphic landscapes since degradation of the last Middle Pleistocene glaciation about 150 ka (MIS-6). The study is essentially based on a comprehensive lithological, pedological and geocryological description of postglacial deposits in cores (hand or machine-driven) and open sections, systematic sampling for grain size analysis and selective sampling for 14C absolute dating and monoliths structural examination. The results indicate that most of the surface drifts in this feature consists of stratified lacustrine deposits. Their Late Pleistocene age is stratigraphically confined by the underlying paleosols and incorporated peats of the Mikulino interglacial age (MIS-5) and several organic-rich layers within the lake sequence 14C dated to the Middle Valdai interstadial (MIS-3). Overlying mantle loams and colluvial deposits with cryogenic features and low organic matter content those facially substitute lacustrine sediments were attributed to the Late Valdai stadial (MIS-2). After the Mid-Holocene stabilization, relatively thin colluvial cover identified by the increased amount of organic matter also deposited. We conclude that lacustrine sedimentation is the primary Late Pleistocene agent that transformed the initial glacial topography and most characteristic type of lithodynamics of the eastern Borisoglebsk Upland.

scholarly journals Soil attributes and efficiency of sulfentrazone on control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Luís da Costa Aguiar Alves ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Antonio Sergio Ferraudo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Attributes

In the soil, herbicides are submitted to absorption, leaching and degradation by physical, chemical and biological processes or absorbed by plants. All these processes are dependent on soil class and weather conditions and affect the product efficiency on weed control. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of soil attributes on sulfentrazone efficiency for controlling purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L. ). Soil samples from LVAd (Typic Haplustox), LVd, LVdf and LVef (Typic Haplustox and Typic Eutrustox), NVe (Rhodic Kandiustalf), and LVd (Typic Haplustox) were collected under two crop conditions aiming to have different clay, Fe oxides, and organic matter contents. The soil samples were submitted to granulometric, chemical and mineralogical characterization. A bioassay was used to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone (1.6 L c.p. ha-1) to control purple nutsedge on pre-emergence. The sulfentrazone behaved differently among the studied soil classes. The product efficiency decreased when the soil Fe oxide content increased, following the order: LVAd, LVd, NVe, LVef and LVdf. Clay content, ranging from 240 to 640 g kg-1, and organic matter content, ranging from 12 to 78 g kg-1, did not influence sulfentrazone efficiency.

INFLUENCE OF THE MAIN TREATMENT METHOD ON AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MIGRATORY-MYCELIAL CLAY AGROCHERNOSEM SOIL OF SOUTH- EAST PART OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH RESERVE

1970 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Grebennikov ◽  
V. A. Isaev ◽  
Yu. I. Cheverdin ◽  
V. M. Garmashov ◽  
N. А. Nuzhnaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Mobile Phosphorus ◽  
Agrochemical Properties

In a field experiment on legalistic migration mizelialnah agrofermotech the South-East of CCZ considers the influence of processing method on agrochemical soil properties in a year and four years after laying the experience. To take into account the effect of tillage on the agrochemical properties of the soils in the corresponding experimental variants the humus content were determined by Tyurin and carbonates by Kozlovsky and mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium – according to Chirikov in depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 cm in the selected samples. A study of the change in stocks of soil properties important for plant nutrition along the profile to a depth commensurate with the extent of the root system of crops was made. In assessing the heterogeneity of agro-chernozems on plots with different main tillage methods the coefficient of variation of the organic matter content, mobile phosphorus, and metabolic potassium in soil samples taken from depths of 0 - 10, 10 - 20, and 20 - 30 cm were calculated. It is shown that for the three years that passed between the agrochemical properties of some trends in the distribution of nutrients and organic matter on variations of the experience have remained virtually unchanged, whereas were marked and significant changes of these parameters in the upper layer of the soil column, depending on the applied processing method. The increase in the reserves of organic matter and plant nutrients in the variant with zero treatment compared to other methods, observed after four years of experiments, is apparently associated with the manifestation of the fertilizing effect of soil with mulch rotting, applied at zero treatment on the surface of agrochernozems.

Estimating the Relative Leaching Potential of Herbicides in Alberta Soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Hill ◽  
J.J. Miller ◽  
K.N. Harker ◽  
S.D. Byers ◽  
D.J. Inaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Screening Model ◽  
Simple Screening

Abstract Our objective was to use a simple screening model to predict the relative leaching of herbicides in Alberta soils to allow producers the option of choosing herbicides with lower leaching potential. Physical properties for each herbicide were obtained from the literature and the Laskowski model was used to calculate the leaching potential (LP) of the herbicides. Relative LP rankings (LPR) were then created by ranking herbicide LP values on a 1 to 9 scale (1 = no leaching; 9 = high leaching). The leaching rates of nine herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, diclofop, quinclorac, bromoxynil, fenoxaprop, triallate and trifluralin) were then determined on soils from the five major soil zones of Alberta (Brown, Dark Brown, Grey, Dark Grey and Black) using small packed soil columns. Eluate fractions were analyzed using a MSD-GC method. Although there were differences related to soil organic matter content, the relative rates of leaching among the nine herbicides were generally quite consistent. Dicamba, 2,4-D, MCPA and quinclorac leached most readily, followed by bromoxynil, and then diclofop, fenoxaprop and triallate, and finally trifluralin, which did not leach. These soil column results and previous field results validated the LPR for most of the nine herbicides. The LPR did appear to underestimate the leaching of MCPA, bromoxynil and quinclorac. LPR values (1 to 9 scale) are a convenient way to convey herbicide leaching information to producers and could easily be included in herbicide guides along with certain provisos.

Soil fertility changes in the long-term experimental plots at Kybybolite, South Australia. I. Changes in pH total nitrogen, organic carbon, and bulk density.

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Variously treated grassland plots at the Kybybolite Research Centre established in 1919 on solonetzic soils were sampled in 1957–58. Analyses of the soils and for pH and nitrogen were made and compared with earlier analyses made in 1938. Bulk density and organic carbon were also determined. Treatment with phosphorus fertilizers and grazing with sheep has resulted in large increases in the organic matter content of the surface soil. A large part of the increase has been concentrated in the 0–2 in. horizon. At the 6–8 in. level, increases have been small. When considered on the basis of pounds per acre, the increase in soil nitrogen in the surface 6 in. of some plots appears to be linear with time, and even after 39 years shows no signs of approaching an asymptotic value. However, there appears to be differential behaviour within the soil profile. The rate of increase of the 0–2 in. horizon in recent years shows signs of being much less than in the earlier years of the experiment. On the other hand, in the 2–4 and 4–6 in. horizons the recent rate of increase is similar to or greater than that in earlier years, which indicates that a deepening of the organic matter profile is occurring. There appears to be some relation between the increase in soil nitrogen and sheep-carrying capacity. The increase in soil nitrogen on the soils from the plots has been, on the average, equivalent to 14 lb of soil nitrogen per sheep per acre per year. Additional calcium applied with water-soluble phosphorus appears to result in higher levels of soil organic matter. Lime, in particular, appears to result in the highest levels of soil organic matter. Analysis of the soils shows that the increase in soil organic matter is associated with a slight decrease in pH. The soils also show a decrease in bulk density which is closely related to changes in organic matter content. Various aspects of organic matter accumulation are discussed, particularly the importance of the time factor in this process and the lack of a causal relationship between the amount of superphosphate applied and the increase in organic matter.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Collected from Chandrabhaga River in Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Amita M Watkar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Agricultural Land Management ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.

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