Exhaled air temperature and water conservation in lizards

Experiments on evaporation from freely drained soils are described. Under isothermal conditions characteristic winter field behaviour is obtained, even when the air drying power is greater than its normal English midsummer value. Characteristic summer field behaviour is obtained when the rapid drying of a thin surface layer is achieved, either by using an extremely high air temperature under ‘isothermal’ conditions, or by raising the surface temperature by means of radiation—the normal method in nature. The effect of a high salt concentration in the soil water is shown to lead to greater evaporation losses and to a tendency for the salt to concentrate in the more salty patches.It is suggested that mulching will only be beneficial during the isothermal part of the year, i.e. when soil surface and air temperature are approximately equal, and that it will have little effect on water conservation where the soil will be self mulched by the action of summer sunshine. The cause of this self-mulching action is briefly considered in the light of our limited knowledge of soil water dynamics; it appears to depend on the existence of a dual mechanism of water movement in soils—as liquid and as vapour—the rates of movement being very different functions of moisture content and moisture gradient.

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Exhaled air temperature and eosinophil airway inflammation in allergic asthmatic children

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.010 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 202-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Giorgio L Piacentini ◽

Alessandro Bodini ◽

Diego Peroni ◽

Michela Ress ◽

Silvia Costella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Airway Inflammation ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Allergic Asthmatic ◽

Exhaled Air

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A Distinct Difference Between Air and Mucosal Temperatures in Human Respiratory Tract

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.650637 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Mehdi Khosravi ◽

Ruei-Lung Lin ◽

Ashish P. Maskey ◽

Subodh Pandey ◽

An-Hsuan Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Close Association ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

Distinct Difference ◽

Tissue Temperature ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Airway Mucosa ◽

Exhaled Air

Extensive evidence indicates that several types of temperature-sensitive ion channels are abundantly expressed in the sensory nerves innervating airway mucosa. Indeed, airway temperature is known to play an important role in regulating respiratory functions. However, the actual airway mucosal temperature and its dynamic changes during the respiratory cycle have not been directly measured. In previous studies, airway tissue temperature was often estimated by indirect measurement of the peak exhaled breath temperature (PEBT). In view of the poor thermal conductivity of air, we believe that the airway tissue temperature cannot be accurately determined by the exhaled air temperature, and this study aimed to test this hypothesis. We applied a miniature rapid-response temperature probe to measure directly the mucosal temperatures of trachea, major, lobar, and segmental bronchi in eight human subjects during a bronchoscopy procedure. Unlike the air temperature in the airway lumen, the mucosal temperature in these airway segments remained relatively stable and did not exhibit the phasic changes synchronous with respiratory cycles. The airway mucosal temperature increased progressively from the extra-thoracic trachea (35.7 ± 0.2°C) toward the segmental bronchus (36.9 ± 0.2°C). Most importantly, the temperatures measured directly at the mucosa of all these airway segments were substantially higher than the PEBT (31.7 ± 0.8°C). The recent findings of a close association between an increased PEBT and airway tissue inflammation have revealed the implication and potential of incorporating the PEBT measurement in the future clinical diagnosis of airway inflammation. Therefore, it is imperative to recognize this distinct difference in temperature between airway mucosa and exhaled air.

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Exhaled air temperature in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Pediatric Pulmonology ◽

10.1002/ppul.21317 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 1240-1245 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Silvia Carraro ◽

Giorgio Piacentini ◽

Marta Lusiani ◽

Zeynep S. Uyan ◽

Marco Filippone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Exhaled Air

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METHOD FOR ASTHMA PREDICTION IN PATIENTS WITH POLYPOUS RHINOSINUSITIS

Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration ◽

10.12737/article_5c1265588a8194.05879815 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (70) ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

Владимир Самсонов ◽

Vladimir Samsonov ◽

Юлий Перельман ◽

Yuliy Perelman ◽

Элла Захарова ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Density ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Discriminant Function ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Boundary Value ◽

Average Mass ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Exhaled Air

The method for prediction of asthma in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis was developed. It consists of determination of the average mass molecules (AMM, optical density units), measurement of exhaled and inhaled air temperature (T exh, ºC), and (T inh, ºC), and determination of the temperature difference (ΔT, ºC) between the inhaled and exhaled air temperatures and with the help of the discriminant equation: D = +5.028 × T exh - 0.405×ΔT - 8.910 × AMM, where the discriminant function (D) boundary value is 152.16. At D greater than or equal to the discriminant function boundary value, the absence of asthma in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis is predicted; at D less than the discriminant function boundary value, the development of asthma is predicted.

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MAXIMIZING WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS USED TO DELAY GRAPE BUDBREAK

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.8.853 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 853G-853

Author(s):

R. Louis Baumhardt ◽

W. N. Lipe ◽

David Rayburn ◽

C. W. Wendt

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Cooling System ◽

Evaporative Cooling ◽

Global Radiation ◽

Operation Time ◽

Late Winter ◽

Cooling Efficiency ◽

System Operation

Mild temperatures during late winter have caused early budbreak in grapes which resulted in freeze injury and significant crop losses in 1980 and 1988. Evaporative cooling of grapevines with microsprinklers when the air temperature exceeded 10 °C (50 °F) used 100 liters/min/hectare of treated grapes (11 gallons/min/acre) and delayed budbreak for a period of 7 to 10 days. Methods of reducing the amount of water used while not reducing the cooling were evaluated. The average hourly difference between wet and dry bud temperatures, measured with thermocouples, were summed during the system operation time and compared as a function of air temperature, wind speed, global radiation, and relative humidity limits. Limiting the cooling system operation time as a function of air temperature, wind speed, or global radiation reduced cooling efficiency by approximately a one to one ratio. Limiting system operation to humidities less than 60% reduced the amount of water used by 33%, with only a 9% reduction in cooling efficiency. By changing the wetting interval employed in this research from 25 seconds every three minutes to 25 seconds every four minutes, total water conservation would increase to 50% with insignificant changes in cooling efficiencies. These system modifications would reduce water application requirements to 50 liters/min/hectare of grapes (5.5 gallons/minute/acre).

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Exhaled air temperature in asthma: methods and relationship with markers of disease

Clinical & Experimental Allergy ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02663.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 415-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

G. L. Piacentini ◽

D. Peroni ◽

E. Crestani ◽

F. Zardini ◽

A. Bodini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Exhaled Air

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Coupling of Soil Moisture and Air Temperature from Multiyear Data During 1980–2013 over China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11010025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Qing Yuan ◽

Guojie Wang ◽

Chenxia Zhu ◽

Dan Lou ◽

Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Land Surface ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Moisture Deficit ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Atmosphere Interaction ◽

Dry Climates ◽

The Impact

Soil moisture is an important parameter in land surface processes, which can control the surface energy and water budgets and thus affect the air temperature. Studying the coupling between soil moisture and air temperature is of vital importance for forecasting climate change. This study evaluates this coupling over China from 1980–2013 by using an energy-based diagnostic method, which represents the momentum, heat, and water conservation equations in the atmosphere, while the contributions of soil moisture are treated as external forcing. The results showed that the soil moisture–temperature coupling is strongest in the transitional climate zones between wet and dry climates, which here includes Northeast China and part of the Tibetan Plateau from a viewpoint of annual average. Furthermore, the soil moisture–temperature coupling was found to be stronger in spring than in the other seasons over China, and over different typical climatic zones, it also varied greatly in different seasons. We conducted two case studies (the heatwaves of 2013 in Southeast China and 2009 in North China) to understand the impact of soil moisture–temperature coupling during heatwaves. The results indicated that over areas with soil moisture deficit and temperature anomalies, the coupling strength intensified. This suggests that soil moisture deficits could lead to enhanced heat anomalies, and thus, result in enhanced soil moisture coupling with temperature. This demonstrates the importance of soil moisture and the need to thoroughly study it and its role within the land–atmosphere interaction and the climate on the whole.

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