In vivo microdialysis in the rat: low cost and low labor construction of a small diameter, removable, concentric-style microdialysis probe system

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jolly ◽  
Paul Vezina
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Probe System

Striatal dopamine release and metabolism in sinoaortic-denervated rats by in vivo microdialysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (2) ◽  
pp. R396-R399 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Alexander ◽  
D. Nakahara ◽  
N. Ozaki ◽  
N. Kaneda ◽  
T. Sasaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Nigrostriatal System ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Guide Tube ◽  
Microdialysis Probe

The purpose of this study was to provide new evidence favoring the hypothesis that cardiovascular information from arterial baroreceptors is integrated with the nigrostriatal system that contributes to regulation of motor activity. Samples of extracellular striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), were collected by the technique of in vivo microdialysis and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electron capture detection. Rats were prepared with a guide tube placed in the caudate-putamen for subsequent insertion of microdialysis probes. During the 1st wk after sinoaortic denervation (SAD) or sham operation (SO), a microdialysis probe was inserted and perfused with Ringer solution at the rate of 2 microliter/min in the freely moving rats. Samples were collected every 20 min before and after injection of pargyline, 100 mg/kg ip. The results showed that SAD rats have approximately 50% less extracellular striatal DA, DOPAC, and HVA than SO rats (P less than 0.01). After blockade of monoamine oxidase activity with pargyline, striatal DA accumulated three times faster in SO than SAD rats suggesting DA synthesis is reduced in SAD rats. These data provide further evidence that the arterial baroreceptor system affects dopaminergic metabolism in the nigrostriatal system possibly as a means for integration of cardiovascular and motor activity.

Mucociliary transport determined by in vivo microdialysis in the airways of normal and CF mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. L588-L595 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Grubb ◽  
J. H. Jones ◽  
R. C. Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Normal Mouse ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Dialysis Membrane ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
A Value ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Lower Airways

We report a novel method to measure mucociliary transport (MCT) in both the upper and lower airways of normal and CF mice. The in vivo microdialysis technique involves placing a small quantity of dye on the airway surface and a microdialysis probe a defined distance from the site of dye deposition. The dye is transported toward the probe by ciliary transport and, upon reaching the microdialysis probe, diffuses across the dialysis membrane and is collected in the dialysate leaving the probe. The rate of MCT is calculated from the length of time from dye deposition to recovery. The rate of tracheal MCT in normal mice was 2.2 ± 0.45 (SE) mm/min ( n = 6), a value similar to that in reports using other techniques. MCT in CF mice was not different (2.3 ± 0.29, n = 6), consistent with previous observations suggesting that tracheal ion transport properties are not different between CF and normal mice. The rate of MCT in the nasal cavity of normal mice was slower than in the trachea (1.3 ± 0.26, n = 4). MCT in the CF mouse nasal cavity (1.4 ± 0.31, n = 8), a region in which the CF mouse exhibits bioelectric properties similar to the human CF patient, was, again, not different from the normal mouse, perhaps reflecting copious gland secretion offsetting Na+ and liquid hyperabsorption. In conclusion, we have developed a versatile, simple in vivo method to measure MCT in both upper and lower airways of mice and larger animals.

scholarly journals Brain Eicosanoid Formation following Acute Penetration Injury as Studied by in vivo Microdialysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Yergey ◽  
Melvyn P. Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Rat Striatum ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eicosanoid Formation

Formation of eicosanoids has been implicated in the pathological changes that follow brain injuries. In the present study, we used a microdialysis probe to both induce acute penetration injury and also sample extracellular fluid concentrations of eicosanoids. Formation of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGF2 a, and thromboxane B2 was highest in the first hour following introduction of the probe into rat striatum. In contrast, the level of PGE2 was highest during the sixth hour of collection, while 6-keto-PGF1 a remained stable throughout the sampling period. We conclude that in vivo microdialysis may be useful in the evaluation of the time course of the effects of acute penetration injury of the brain on the local production of eicosanoids.

Modified microdialysis probe for sampling extracellular fluid and administering drugs in vivo

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (5) ◽  
pp. R1205-R1211
Author(s):  
G. Yadid ◽  
K. Pacak ◽  
I. J. Kopin ◽  
D. S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Catecholaminergic Cells ◽  
Fluid Levels ◽  
Local Release ◽  
In Vivo Delivery

In vivo microdialysis provides an important new tool for investigating changes in extracellular fluid levels of endogenous compounds in vivo. Delivery of drugs via the microdialysis probe can be used to study local release and metabolism of neurotransmitters, but the dialysis membrane limits diffusion of substances between the perfusate and the extracellular fluid. Thus there may be considerable delay in responses, drug concentrations at the effector sites are less than those in the probe, and high-molecular-weight substances cannot traverse the membrane at all. This report describes a simple modification of commercially available microdialysis probes. A cannula is glued to the external surface of the probe. When glycine was administered via the cannula into the striatum of conscious rats, increments in microdialysate concentrations of dopamine were at least 10 times greater than when glycine was administered via the dialysis fluid in the probe. The threshold glycine dose for behavioral (turning) effects was also decreased by approximately 60-fold, and the time to the peak neurochemical and behavioral effects was markedly decreased. The modified probe did not destroy local catecholaminergic cells, as indicated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence. Use of the modified microdialysis probe should facilitate pharmacological and neuroendocrine studies in behaving animals.

Effect of bupropion on hippocampal neurotransmitters and on peripheral hormonal concentrations in the rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 652-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Piacentini ◽  
R. Clinckers ◽  
R. Meeusen ◽  
S. Sarre ◽  
G. Ebinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Vena Femoralis

The purpose of the present study was to administer an acute dose of the dual dopamine norepinephrine reuptake blocker bupropion in freely moving rats and to monitor the extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations in the hippocampus via in vivo microdialysis and the peripheral hormonal concentrations via catheterization. A microdialysis probe was inserted in the hippocampus, and samples for serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine were collected every 20 min before and after the injection of 17 mg/kg of bupropion, for a total sampling time of 180 min. A catheter was placed in the vena femoralis of the second group of rats, and blood samples were collected before and after bupropion injection for quantification of growth hormone, prolactin, corticosterone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and β-endorphins. All neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) significantly increased after bupropion injection. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in prolactin concentrations, whereas the other hormones showed no statistically significant variation. It can, therefore, be concluded that, although bupropion has dual reuptake proprieties, the observed effects both at the central and at the peripheral level seem to be ruled by the dopaminergic system.

In vivo monitoring of norepinephrine and .OH generation on myocardial ischemic injury by dialysis technique

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. H903-H908 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Obata ◽  
H. Hosokawa ◽  
Y. Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ischemic Injury ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Free Radical Generation ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Myocardial Ischemic Injury

We applied in vivo microdialysis techniques in examining the relation between norepinephrine and free radical generation on myocardial ischemic injury. We designed the microdialysis probe holding system, which includes loose fixation of the tube and synchronization of the movement of the heart and the probe. The heart was subjected to myocardiac ischemia for 15 min by occlusion of rat left anterior descending coronary artery. We confirmed typical changes in the electrocardiogram. The hydroxyl free radical (.OH) reacts with salicylate and generates 2, 3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), which can be measured electrochemically in picomole quantity by a high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrochemical procedure. After probe implantation, the norepinephrine concentration of dialysate decreased over the first 120 min and then reached an almost steady-state level of 0.15 +/- 0.02 nmol/ml. However, when the heart was reperfused, the levels of norepinephrine and 2,3- and 2,5-DHBA were elevated. In vivo microdialysis techniques permit monitoring of norepinephrine levels and free radical generation in myocardial ischemic injury.

Development of biliary stent applying the antibacterial activity of silver: A literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Akane Yamabe ◽  
Atsushi Irisawa ◽  
Yasuhito Kunogi ◽  
Ken Kashima ◽  
Kazunori Nagashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Silver Coating ◽  
Biliary Stents ◽  
Stent Patency ◽  
Plastic Stent ◽  
Wide Range

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic transpapillary stenting is commonly performed in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by a biliary stricture. Although the plastic stent (PS) is widely used for biliary drainage because of the low-cost and easy procedure, patency is short after placement in the bile duct because of the small diameter. Dysfunction of PS is primarily caused by biliary sludge that forms as a result of bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on the inner surface of the stent. It is well known that silver ions have excellent antibacterial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: This review provides an overview and perspective of the significance of silver-coated biliary stents. METHODS: We collected literature regarding silver-coated biliary stents, reviewed the current research/development status and discussed their possible usefulness. RESULTS: To date, several in vivo/vitro studies evaluated the patency of silver-blended or silver-coated biliary stents. These studies suggested that the silver coating on a PS was likely to prolong the patency period. CONCLUSION: The development of biliary stents using silver is expected to prolong stent patency and prevent frequent stent replacement.

Estimation of renal interstitial adenosine and purine metabolites by microdialysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. F174-F182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Baranowski ◽  
C. Westenfelder
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
In Vivo Microdialysis ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Interstitial Concentration ◽  
Renal Interstitium ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Ischemic Acute Renal Failure

It has been proposed that adenosine, derived from ATP and released into the renal interstitium, mediates a reduction in renal function in ischemic acute renal failure. Because no direct measurements of interstitial adenosine are available, we evaluated an in vivo microdialysis technique to assess the levels of adenosine and its metabolites in the cortex of the normal rat kidney (n = 6). Microdialysis probe implantation did not alter cortical renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, or fractional sodium excretion. The interstitial concentration of adenosine was 199 +/- 53 nM, and relative concentrations of inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid were 99 +/- 47, 182 +/- 29, and 183 +/- 70 nM and 1.8 +/- 0.4 microM, respectively. Infusion of ATP-MgCl2 (n = 5) resulted in a significant increase in the dialysate levels of adenosine (67 +/- 11 to 378 +/- 97 nM), inosine (230 +/- 102 to 803 +/- 219 nM), and uric acid (3.5 +/- 1.3 to 6.9 +/- 1.7 microM). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the microdialysis technique is suited to monitor metabolically important substances in the renal interstitium.

A technique for protecting delicate specimens during processing

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 982-983
Author(s):  
R.J. Mount ◽  
R.V. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Two Component

The sensory end organ of the ear, the organ of Corti, rests on a thin basilar membrane which lies between the bone of the central modiolus and the bony wall of the cochlea. In vivo, the organ of Corti is protected by the bony wall which totally surrounds it. In order to examine the sensory epithelium by scanning electron microscopy it is necessary to dissect away the protective bone and expose the region of interest (Fig. 1). This leaves the fragile organ of Corti susceptible to physical damage during subsequent handling. In our laboratory cochlear specimens, after dissection, are routinely prepared by the O-T- O-T-O technique, critical point dried and then lightly sputter coated with gold. This processing involves considerable specimen handling including several hours on a rotator during which the organ of Corti is at risk of being physically damaged. The following procedure uses low cost, readily available materials to hold the specimen during processing ,preventing physical damage while allowing an unhindered exchange of fluids.Following fixation, the cochlea is dehydrated to 70% ethanol then dissected under ethanol to prevent air drying. The holder is prepared by punching a hole in the flexible snap cap of a Wheaton vial with a paper hole punch. A small amount of two component epoxy putty is well mixed then pushed through the hole in the cap. The putty on the inner cap is formed into a “cup” to hold the specimen (Fig. 2), the putty on the outside is smoothed into a “button” to give good attachment even when the cap is flexed during handling (Fig. 3). The cap is submerged in the 70% ethanol, the bone at the base of the cochlea is seated into the cup and the sides of the cup squeezed with forceps to grip it (Fig.4). Several types of epoxy putty have been tried, most are either soluble in ethanol to some degree or do not set in ethanol. The only putty we find successful is “DUROtm MASTERMENDtm Epoxy Extra Strength Ribbon” (Loctite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), this is a blue and yellow ribbon which is kneaded to form a green putty, it is available at many hardware stores.

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