A comparison of independent product cost estimates; the cost of methanol from coal

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.I. Kermode ◽  
J.E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Product Cost ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Independent Product

ALTERNATIF VARIABLE COSTING SEBAGAI PENENTUAN HARGA PRODUK PADA IWAI CAKE & BAKERY

2021 ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Linda Santioso
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Separation Of Variable ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Difficult Times

During the current pandemic and the movement of society, forcing entrepreneurs to carry out various activities to survive in these difficult times. Various actions such as providing attractive promotions, discounted prices, efficiency in the production process, even innovating and calculating product cost estimates. The variable costing method is an alternative to determine the price of the product that is used to increase the accuracy of the selling price of the product. In general, entrepreneurs use an easier method by adding all the costs incurred in calculating the cost of the product, which we know as the full costing method. The purpose of the counseling is the preparation and application of the variable costing method in calculating the selling price. In order to improve the accuracy, it is necessary to sort costs based on their nature, namely the separation of variable costs and fixed costs. In an effort to help MSME actors to survive, I as a lecturer from Tarumanaga University, Faculty of Economics and Accounting proposed the owner of Iwai Cake & Bakery to help calculate the cost of products through preparation, implementation in business units with the title "Variable Costing as an alternative costing to improve price accuracy productPada masa pandemi saat ini dan pembatasan pergerakan dari masyarakat, memaksa para pengusaha melakukan berbagai aktifitas untuk tetap dapat bertahan dimasa yang sulit ini. Berbagai Tindakan seperti memberikan promo-promo yang menarik, potongan harga, efisiensi dalam proses produksi bahkan melakukan inovasi dan kalkulasi perhitungan penentuan harga pokok produk. Metode variable costing merupakan salah satu alternatif penentuan harga produk yang dipakai untuk meningkatkan keakuratan penentuan harga jual produk. Secara umum para pengusaha menggunakan metode yang lebih mudah dengan menambahkan semua biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam perhitungan harga pokok produk yang kita kenal dengan metode full costing. Tujuan dari penyuluhan adalah penyusunan dan penerapan metode variable costing dalam menghitung harga produknya. Untuk meningkatkan keakuratan harus dilakukan pemilahan biaya berdasarkan sifatnya yaitu pemilahan biaya yang bersifat variable dan biaya-biaya yang bersifat tetap. Dalam upaya membantu pelaku UMKM supaya tetap bertahan, Saya selaku dosen dari Universitas Tarumanaga Fakultas Ekonomi Jurusan Akuntansi mengajukan ke pemilik Iwai Cake & Bakery dengan membantu melakukan perhitungan harga pokok produk melalui penyusunan, implementasi di unit usaha dengan judul “Variable Costing sebagai alternatif costing untuk meningkatkan keakuratan penentuan harga produk

Theoretical and methodological approaches to the calculation of planned costs for maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (23) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Taras Pechonchyk ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy Ivanchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fleet Composition ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Service Vehicles

AbstractIntroduction. Effective management of road indstry is particularly important in conditions of limited funding, as it is not possible to provide adequate funding of the economic entity that has the functions of a customer service. The cost of the customer service maintenance depends directly on the compliance with applicable regulations for these works cost determination. One of the aspects that form a considerable part of the costs of customer service is the maintenance of service vehicles.Problem Statement. Road services in the regions (hereinafter RSR) are the recipients and managers of the funds from the State Budget of Ukraine that are directed for the development and maintenance of public roads of state importance, being as well the asset holders of these roads. To perform their functions, the RSR have vehicles on their balance, the use of which involves a number of costs, including fuel and lubricants, repair, maintenance, replacement of tires, etc. The most important of the steps involved in setting the costs of vehicle maintenance is the process of cost planning. Planning has to be based on the structure of the vehicle fleet (own or leased), functional responsibilities and scope of road works.Planning is carried out for vehicles on the balance of the RSR, as well as for leased vehicles. In the case of leasing, the costs mentioned above are added by the vehicles leasing costs. These costs must be forecasted, justified and performed within the approved cost estimates of the customer service expenses.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the theoretical and methodological approaches to the calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer.Materials and methods. Dialectical methods of knowledge, such as analysis and synthesis of fleet composition characteristics and approaches to cost planning methods, as well as induction, were used in writing the article to explore some aspects of the process of calculating the planned cost of maintenance of the road works customer's service vehicles.Results. The study highlights and describes the main approaches to the calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer. The methodology of calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles is explored.Conclusions. The introduction of a clear methodology and analytical toolkit for calculating all necessary expenditure items for the maintenance of the road works customer's vehicles in the cost planning process will establish the implementation of a clear mechanism for calculating the planned costs of maintenance of the road works customer's vehicles. It will also provide an automated information-analytical complex for planning of cost estimates, with information entry and reporting in standard forms and possibility of prompt response to changes in fleet composition, needs for spare parts, repairs or other expenses for the maintenance of service vehicles and making changes in cost estimates.Keywords: motor vehicles, costs, cost planning, customer service, maintenance of service vehicles

EXPLORING TWO COST-ADJUSTMENT METHODS FOR SELECTION BIAS IN A SMALL SAMPLE: USING A FETAL CARDIOLOGY DATASET

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hema Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Propensity Scoring ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Direct Referral

Objectives: In economic evaluations of healthcare technologies, situations arise where data are not randomized and numbers are small. For this reason, obtaining reliable cost estimates of such interventions may be difficult. This study explores two approaches in obtaining cost estimates for pregnant women screened for a fetal cardiac anomaly.Methods: Two methods to reduce selection bias in health care: regression analyses and propensity scoring methods were applied to the total mean costs of pregnancy for women who received specialist cardiac advice by means of two referral modes: telemedicine and direct referral.Results: The observed total mean costs of pregnancy were higher for the telemedicine group than the direct referral group (4,918 versus 4,311 GBP). The regression model found that referral mode was not a significant predictor of costs and the cost difference between the two groups was reduced from 607 to 94 GBP. After applying the various propensity score methods, the groups were balanced in terms of sizes and compositions; and again the cost differences between the two groups were smaller ranging from -62 (matching “by hand”) to 333 GBP (kernel matching).Conclusions: Regression analyses and propensity scoring methods applied to the dataset may have increased the homogeneity and reduced the variance in the adjusted costs; that is, these methods have allowed the observed selection bias to be reduced. I believe that propensity scoring methods worked better for this dataset, because after matching the two groups were similar in terms of background characteristics and the adjusted cost differences were smaller.

scholarly journals Web based cost management tool prototype development using temporal-activity based costing (Temporal-ABC)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mourougavelou Vaithianathan
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Prototype Development ◽  
Cost Management System ◽  
The Cost

The cost management system is a powerful tool for managers to understand manufacturing plant performance. It is essential for any organization to develop a cost management system to estimate the product cost and to account actual cost spent for the product manufacturing. The Activity Based Costing (ABC) system has recently attracted the attention of many companies and is considered to provide better information about the cost pattern and the relationship between resources and activities. However, a survey of earlier research reveals that there are several difficulties to estimate the true product cost due to selection of overhead drivers to activities. To overcome these difficulties Temporal-ABC has been developed by Dr. K.D. Tham. In the first part of the report, costing system implementation issues are studied through real-time case studies. Then, research has been conducted and web-based proptotype application is developed using Temporal-ABC through collaboration with a world-class electronics industry - Celestica Inc. Toronto, Canada. The developed prototype demonstrates the application of Temporal-ABC for cost estimation at Celestica.

scholarly journals Optimization and Economic Analysis for Small-Scale Movable LNG Liquefaction Process with Leakage Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5391
Author(s):  
Sang Hyun Lee ◽  
Dong-Ha Lim ◽  
Kyungtae Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
Lng Liquefaction ◽  
The Cost

In this study, exergy and economic analysis were conducted to gain insight on small-scale movable LNG liquefaction considering leakage. Optimization and comparison were performed to demonstrate the quantitative results of single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and the propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration processes. For the optimization, exergy efficiency was used as the objective function; the results showed that exergy efficiencies are 38.85%, 19.96%, and 13.65%, for single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration, respectively. Further, the cost analysis showed that the product cost of each process is 4002.3 USD/tpa, 5490.2 USD/tpa, and 9608.5 USD/tpa. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine parameters that affect exergy and cost. The SMR process is the most competitive in terms of exergy efficiency, product cost, and operability, without considering makeup facilities.

scholarly journals Measuring the Cost of Bailouts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Lucas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Regulatory Burden ◽  
The Cost

This review develops a theoretical framework that highlights the principles governing economically meaningful estimates of the cost of bailouts. Drawing selectively on existing cost estimates and augmenting them with new calculations consistent with this framework, I conclude that the total direct cost of the 2008 crisis-related bailouts in the United States was on the order of $500 billion, or 3.5% of GDP in 2009. The largest direct beneficiaries of the bailouts were the unsecured creditors of financial institutions. The estimated cost stands in sharp contrast to popular accounts that claim there was no cost because the money was repaid, and with claims of costs in the trillions of dollars. The cost is large enough to suggest the importance of revisiting whether there might have been less expensive ways to intervene to stabilize markets. At the same time, it is small enough to call into question whether the benefits of ending bailouts permanently exceed the regulatory burden of policies aimed at achieving that goal.

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of the cost of different methods of retesting chlamydia positive individuals in England

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e024828
Author(s):  
Katharine J Looker ◽  
Erna Buitendam ◽  
Sarah C Woodhall ◽  
Emma Hollis ◽  
Koh-Jun Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Patient Choice ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Chlamydia Screening ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Adjusted Cost ◽  
Audit Data ◽  
Message Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Recall Methods

ObjectivesThe National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in England opportunistically screens eligible individuals for chlamydia infection. Retesting is recommended three3 months after treatment following a positive test result, but no guidance is given on how local areas should recall individuals for retesting. Here , we compare cost estimates for different recall methods to inform the optimal delivery of retesting programmes.DesignEconomic evaluation.SettingEngland.MethodsWe estimated the cost of chlamydia retesting for each of the six most commonly used recall methods in 2014 based on existing cost estimates of a chlamydia screen. Proportions accepting retesting, opting for retesting by post, returning postal testing kits and retesting positive were informed by 2014 NCSP audit data. Health professionals ‘sense-checked’ the costs.Primary and secondary outcomesCost and adjusted cost per chlamydia retest; cost and adjusted cost per chlamydia retest positive.ResultsWe estimated the cost of the chlamydia retest pathway, including treatment/follow-up call, to be between £45 and £70 per completed test. At the lower end, this compared favourably to the cost of a clinic-based screen. Cost per retest positive was £389–£607. After adjusting for incomplete uptake, and non-return of postal kits, the cost rose to £109–£289 per completed test (cost per retest positive: £946–£2,506). The most economical method in terms of adjusted cost per retest was no active recall as gains in retest rates with active recall did not outweigh the higher cost. Nurse-led client contact by phone was particularly uneconomical, as was sending out postal testing kits automatically.ConclusionsRetesting without active recall is more economical than more intensive methods such as recalling by phone and automatically sending out postal kits. If sending a short message service (SMS) could be automated, this could be the most economical way of delivering retesting. However, patient choice and local accessibility of services should be taken into consideration in planning.

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