ESR analysis of the initial reaction products in the solid state photopolymerization of diacetylenes

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bubeck ◽  
H. Sixl ◽  
W. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products

The Kinetics of Inhibition of the Action of Thrombin by the Fibrinopeptides Formed during the Clotting of Fibrinogen

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 277-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Silver ◽  
M Murray
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Peptide Bond ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Inhibition ◽  
Burk Plot

SummaryVarious investigators have separated the coagulation products formed when fibrinogen is clotted with thrombin and identified fibrinopeptides A and B. Two other peaks are observed in the chromatogram of the products of coagulation, but these have mostly been dismissed by other workers. They have been identified by us as amino acids, smaller peptides and amorphous material (37). We have re-chromatographed these peaks and identified several amino acids. In a closed system of fibrinogen and thrombin, the only reaction products should be fibrin and peptide A and peptide B. This reasoning has come about because thrombin has been reported to be specific for the glycyl-arginyl peptide bond. It is suggested that thrombin also breaks other peptide linkages and the Peptide A and Peptide B are attacked by thrombin to yield proteolytic products. Thrombin is therefore probably not specific for the glycyl-arginyl bond but will react on other linkages as well.If the aforementioned is correct then the fibrinopeptides A and B would cause an inhibition with the coagulation mechanism itself. We have shown that an inhibition does occur. We suggest that there is an autoinhibition to the clotting mechanism that might be a control mechanism in the human body.The experiment was designed for coagulation to occur under controlled conditions of temperature and time. Purified reactants were used. We assembled an apparatus to record visually the speed of the initial reaction, the rate of the reaction, and the density of the final clot formed after a specific time.The figures we derived made available to us data whereby we could calculate and plot the information to show the mechanism and suggest that such an inhibition does exist and also further suggest that it might be competitive.In order to prove true competitive inhibition it is necessary to fulfill the criteria of the Lineweaver-Burk plot. This has been done. We have also satisfied other criteria of Dixon (29) and Bergman (31) that suggest true competitive inhibition.

One-Step Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry-FTIR Microspectroscopy to Quickly Detect Continuous Pathways in the Solid-State Glucose/Asparagine Maillard Reaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng-Fwu Hwang ◽  
Tzu-Feng Hsieh ◽  
Shan-Yang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ftir Microspectroscopy ◽  
Amadori Product

Abstract The stepwise reaction pathway of the solid-state Maillard reaction between glucose (Glc) and asparagine (Asn) was investigated using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color change and FTIR spectra of Glc-Asn physical mixtures (molar ratio = 1:1) preheated to different temperatures followed by cooling were also examined. The successive reaction products such as Schiff base intermediate, Amadori product, and decarboxylated Amadori product in the solid-state Glc-Asn Maillard reaction were first simultaneously evidenced by this unique DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color changed from white to yellow-brown to dark brown, and appearance of new IR peaks confirmed the formation of Maillard reaction products. The present study clearly indicates that this unique DSC-FTIR technique not only accelerates but also detects precursors and products of the Maillard reaction in real time.

Crosslinking Reaction of Rubber with Aldehydes

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-209
Author(s):  
Y. Minoura ◽  
M. Tsukasa
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Toluenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Ionic Reaction ◽  
Acidic Catalysts

Abstract The reactions of rubber with aldehydes have previously been studied in latex or in solutions and the reaction products formed by cyclization, condensation, or addition, have been reported. In the present study, solid-state reactions of rubber with aldehydes were carried out. It was found that crosslinked rubbers may be obtained by press curing in the presence of aldehydes with acidic catalysts. Poly-chloroprene and Hypalon especially undergo these reactions without a catalyst or with a small amount of catalyst. In the experiments using various aldehydes, some improvements in the properties of the crosslinked rubber were observed when aldehydes such as paraformaldehyde or α-polyoxymethylene were used. Some Lewis acids such as SnCl2·2H2O were found to be more effective catalysts than the above, and it was found that organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid could also be used. The curing seemed to be an ionic reaction. The physical properties of the crosslinked rubber are similar to those of sulfur-cured rubbers.

scholarly journals Ionic Conduction Through Reaction Products at the Electrolyte/electrode Interface in All-Solid-State Li⁺ Batteries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuhong Wang ◽  
Koutarou Aoyagi ◽  
Muratahan Aykol ◽  
Tim Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Interatomic Potentials ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Ion Conductivities ◽  
Common Electrode ◽  
Growth Limits

The development of all-solid-state lithium ion batteries has been hindered by the formation of a poorly conductive interphase at the interface between electrode and electrolyte materials. In the manuscript, we shed light on this problem by computationally evaluating potential lithium ion diffusion pathways through metastable arrangements of product phases that can form at 56 interfaces between common electrode and electrolyte materials. The evaluation of lithium-ion conductivities in the product phases is made possible by the use of machine-learned interatomic potentials trained on the fly. We identify likely reasons for the degradation of solid-state battery performance and discuss how these problems could be mitigated. These results provide enhanced understanding of how interface impedance growth limits the performance of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

The kinetics of the photo-induced solid-state chemical reaction in Ag/As33S67bilayers and its reaction products

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wagner ◽  
E. Márquez ◽  
J. Fernández-Pena ◽  
J. M. González-Leal ◽  
P. J. S. Ewen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
State Chemical ◽  
Solid State Chemical Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Ionic Conduction through Reaction Products at the Electrolyte–Electrode Interface in All-Solid-State Li+ Batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (49) ◽  
pp. 55510-55519
Author(s):  
Chuhong Wang ◽  
Koutarou Aoyagi ◽  
Muratahan Aykol ◽  
Tim Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Electrode Interface ◽  
Li Batteries

scholarly journals Towards understanding triiodide photochemistry in the solid state by femtosecond electron diffraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 09007
Author(s):  
Rui Xian ◽  
Stuart A. Hayes ◽  
Gaston Corthey ◽  
Carole A. Morrison ◽  
Alexander Marx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Coherent Motion ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Femtosecond Electron Diffraction

The photochemistry of the triiodide anion has been investigated by femtosecond electron diffraction. The time-resolved signal indicates the presence of reaction products and large-amplitude coherent motion produced by participating species. To reconstruct the atomic detail of the reaction and identify the major contributors to the detected signal, we outline the approach for atomic-level reconstruction.

Solid state interfacial reactions of Ti3Al with Si3N4 and SiC

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Chou ◽  
A. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Titanium Silicide ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Titanium Silicon Carbide ◽  
Titanium Silicon Nitride ◽  
Titanium Silicon

Solid state interfacial reactions of Ti3Al with Si3N4 and SiC have been studied via both bulk and thin film diffusion couples at temperatures of 1000 and 1200 °C. The nature of reactions of Ti3Al with Si3N4 and SiC was found to be similar. Only limited reactions were detected in samples reacted at 1000 °C. In the Ti3Al/Si3N4, layered reaction products consisting of mainly titanium silicide(s), titanium-silicon-aluminide, and titanium-silicon-nitride were formed; in the Ti3Al/SiC, the reaction product was primarily titanium-silicon-carbide. In both cases, silicon was enriched near the surface region, and aluminum was depleted from the reacted region. Reactions at 1200 °C resulted in a drastic change of the Si distribution profiles; the enrichment of Si in near surface regions was no longer observed, and the depletion of Al became more extensive. Titanium nitride and titanium-silicon-carbide were the major reaction products in the Ti3Al/Si3N4 and Ti3Al/SiC reactions, respectively. Mechanisms of driving the variation of Si, N, and C diffusion behavior (as a function of temperature) and the depletion of Al from the diffusion zone are suggested. It is proposed that reactions of Ti3Al with Si3N4 and SiC lead to in situ formation of a diffusion barrier, which limits the diffusion kinetics and further reaction. The thermodynamic driving force for the Ti3Al/Si3N4 reactions is discussed on the basis of Gibbs free energy.

scholarly journals Positively charged polysilsesquioxane/iodide lonic liquid as a quasi solid-state redox electrolyte for dye-sensitized photo electrochemical cells: Infrared,29SiNMR, and electrical studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasko Jovanovski ◽  
Boris Orel ◽  
Robi Ješe ◽  
Gregor Mali ◽  
Elias Stathatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Electrochemical Cells ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Redox Electrolyte ◽  
Grotthus Mechanism ◽  
Positively Charged

A new sol-gel precursor based on 1-methyl-3-[3-(trimethoxy-λ4-silyl)propyl]-1H-imidazolium iodide (MTMSPI+I−) was synthesized and investigated as a potential novel quasi solid-state ionic liquid redox electrolyte for dye-synthesized photoelectrochemical (DSPEC) cells of the Graetzel type. MTMSPI+I−was hydrolyzed with acidified water and the reaction products of the sol-gel condensation reactions assessed with the help of29SiNMR and infrared spectroscopic techniques. Results of the time-dependent spectra analyses showed the formation of positively charged polyhedral cube-like silsesquioxane species that still contained a small amount of silanol end groups, which were removed after heating at200°C. After cooling, the resulting material formed is a tough, yellowish, and transparent solid, which could be reheated again and used for assembling DSPEC cells. The addition of iodine increased the specific conductivity of the hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed MTMSPI+I−, which we attributed to the formation of triiodide ions contributed to the conductivity via the Grotthus mechanism. DSPEC cells based on a titania-dye system with MTMSPI+I−electrolyte containing iodine (0.1 M) reached an overall efficiency between 3.3–3.7%.

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