Evaluation of moisture reduction in small diameter trees after crushing

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Sirois ◽  
Cynthia L. Rawlins ◽  
Bryce J. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

scholarly journals Chipping Whole Trees for Fuel Chips: A Production Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Mitchell ◽  
Tom Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A time and motion study was conducted to determine the productivity and cost of an in-woods chipping operation when processing whole small-diameter trees for biomass. The study removed biomass from two overstocked stands and compared the cost of this treatment to existing alternatives. The treatment stands consisted of a 30-year-old longleaf pine stand and a 37-year-old loblolly pine stand. In the longleaf pine stand, 71% of the trees removed were less than 5 in. dbh. In the loblolly pine stand, approximately 81% of the stems removed were less than 5 in. dbh. The harvesting system consisted of conventional ground-based harvesting equipment and a three-knife chipper that processed the biomass into fuel chips. The average production time to fill a chip van was 24.61 minutes. The chip moisture content averaged 94.11% (dry basis). Using machine rates and federal labor wage rates, the in-woods cost of producing fuel chips was $9.18/green ton (gt). The cost of the biomass chipping operation ($15.18/gt), including transportation, compared favorably to existing alternative treatments of cut-and-pile or mulching.

scholarly journals Dual-Cropping Loblolly Pine for Biomass Energy and Conventional Wood Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Andrew Scott ◽  
Allan Tiarks
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Viable Method

Abstract Southern pine stands have the potential to provide significant feedstocks for the growing biomass energy and biofuel markets. Although initial feedstocks likely will come from low-value small-diameter trees, understory vegetation, and slash, a sustainable and continuous supply of biomass is necessary to support and grow a wood bioenergy market. As long as solidwood products are more valuable, bioenergy production will not be the primary market for southern pine. A study exploring a dual-cropping system for southern pine bioenergy and solidwood products was begun in 1982 in Louisiana to determine the phosphorus (P) nutritional requirements of the system. Fertilization of 60 kg ha−1 of P was required to produce 90% of the maximum volume at the age of 22 years. Direct-seeding pine in the interrows of a traditional pine plantation produced about 10.2 Mg ha−1 of biomass for energy at the age of 5 years but had no lasting effect on the planted pine height, diameter, or standing volume. The system is a viable method to produce both bioenergy and solidwood products. Herbaceous competition control and nitrogen (N) fertilization likely would make the system even more productive and profitable.

Influence of feeding damage by small mammals on tree growth and wood quality in young lodgepole pine

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Harry Coates ◽  
Les A. Jozsa ◽  
Paul K. Diggle
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of feeding injuries by snowshoe hare (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) and red squirrel (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) on diameter growth, height growth, and wood quality of juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.) at Prince George and in the Cariboo Region, British Columbia. In the Prince George control stand, severe girdling damage (50–99% stem circumference) suppressed diameter and height growth of small-diameter (4.1–6.0 cm) trees, but had no effect on larger stems (6.1–8.0 cm). In the spaced stand, diameter and height increments also declined significantly with degree of partial girdling, particularly in small-diameter (3.1–5.0 cm) trees. Paradoxically, diameter increment increased significantly with degree of partial girdling in both stands at the Cariboo study area. Presumably squirrels prefer to feed on vigorous stems, and the lost growth of these trees may be substantial. There was no significant difference in amount of compression wood nor total solvent and water extractives between undamaged and damaged trees. Fiber lengths in wound-associated wood were consistently 19–21% lower than in controls. Damaged trees had greater average ring width and density than undamaged trees. The average increase in relative density of damaged over undamaged trees was 0.0343. These results suggest that a severe degree of partial girdling (which likely occurs more often in small-diameter trees) may significantly affect growth of lodgepole pine, particularly small (<5.0 cm DBH) trees.

scholarly journals Production Costs and Markets for Pellet Chips: Case Studies in Northern Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Eriksson ◽  
Dimitris Athanassiadis ◽  
Dan Bergström ◽  
Tomas Nordfjell ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Increasing use of woody fuels requires that nontraditional types of raw materials are exploited, including logging residues and small-diameter trees. Although medium-scale combustors often use pellets, they could conceivably use dried chips of sufficiently narrow size distribution (henceforth pellet chips). The influence of the following factors on the relative cost-effectiveness of producing pellets and pellet chips was investigated for three plant sites in northern Sweden: (1) harvesting and transporting of forest residues; (2) the potential of existing energy plants to supply drying heat in periods of capacity surplus; (3) the distance to potential end-users. Data from the national forest inventory were used to estimate raw material costs. The resulting production costs were 144–176 $ per oven-dry tonnes (OD t) for pellets (27.4–33.5 $ MWh−1) and 143–173 $ OD t−1(27.2–33.0 $ MWh−1) for pellet chips, with harvesting, forwarding, chipping, and transporting of logging residues to the sites amounting to 114–122 $ OD t−1(21.7–23.2 $ MWh−1) for both fuels. Even though the differences in production costs were minor, the production of pellet chips requires significantly less electricity input per OD t of produced fuel. For cost reductions improved methods for wood fuel procurement, compacting and transporting of chips, small-scale low-temperature drying and foliage and bark separation are needed.

scholarly journals Dimensional Stabilization of Wood Originating from Small-diameter Trees through Heat Treatment

BioResources ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Marinela Olarescu ◽  
Mihaela Campean ◽  
Alin Olarescu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

scholarly journals Frost Crack Incidence in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Southern Boreal–North Temperate Transition Zone

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia I. Burton ◽  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Lee E. Frelich
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Abstract Frost cracks are common in northern hardwood stands near their northern range limits. Although they have long been attributed to the regional climate, temperature fluctuations result in surface cracks largely when internal wounds are present. We examined the relationship between the proportion of trees with frost cracks and both tree-level diameter class and stand structural characteristics in primary stands with a history of minimal logging (n = 4) and 67- to 97-year-old second-growth stands subjected to past heavy partial cuts and high grading (n = 8). We hypothesized that frost crack incidence would (1) be greater in the second-growth stands and (2) be associated with differences in structural attributes between the two stand types. High levels of frost cracking in primary stands indicated that cracks are not completely avoidable. However, the proportion of trees with frost cracks was significantly higher in second-growth than primary stands, particularly on small-diameter trees. For example, the odds for frost cracking were 1.66–3.74 times greater in second-growth than in primary stands in the 15-cm diameter class, but were not different in the 45+-cm diameter class. Frost cracking was positively associated with increasing diameter in both stand types. Structural characteristics reflecting tree size, stand basal area, and basal area of hardwoods were positively associated with the proportion of trees with frost cracks in second-growth stands but not in primary stands. Although the basal area of conifers was negatively associated with frost cracking, the effect was likely due to a reduction in hardwood basal area in the vicinity of conifers. We suggest that greater frost crack incidence in second-growth stands is likely a consequence of injuries to residual trees during selective logging.

Continuous felling of small diameter trees in boom-corridors with a prototype felling head

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bergström ◽  
Urban Bergsten ◽  
Thomas Hörnlund ◽  
Tomas Nordfjell
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

scholarly journals LIMB: A Mini-Borer for Sampling Small-Diameter Trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Hallman ◽  
Scott Parkinson ◽  
Rex Adams
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

"Black Bark" Ponderosa Pine: Tree Grade Definition and Value Comparison with Old-Growth Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Willits
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Common Grade ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Crown Characteristics ◽  
Eastern Washington

Abstract A ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree grade has been developed to separate lower value, small-diameter trees typical of young-growth stands from small-diameter old-growth trees. The tree grade uses a combination of bark, limb, and crown characteristics to identify the "black bark," trees. The tree grade was tested in two shop type mills and one dimension mill in southern Oregon and eastern Washington. Significant differences in value were found between the sample of black bark pine and the grade 5 control sample. Differences in value increased with diameter because of increased opportunities to recover high-quality lumber from the larger old-growth trees. The dimension mill recovered more lumber volume from the smaller diameter logs because of fewer sawlines and smaller rough-green sizes. Even though the shop mills recovered lower volumes, they did recover higher value by producing Shop and Common grade lumber rather than standard Dimension grades. Overall the differences compensated for each other, and both mill types recovered roughly equal value from logs of similar grade and size. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1): 8-13.

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Cost Analysis of Industrial Supply of Chips from Logging Residues and Small-Diameter Trees

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Fernandez-Lacruz ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
Dan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
End User ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Supply Costs ◽  
The Impact

Research Highlights: The use of terminals can increase supply costs by 5–11% (when compared to direct supply), but terminals help secure supply during peak demand and cope with operational problems in the supply fleet in cases where direct supply chains would be unable to meet demand on time. Background and Objectives: This work analyses the supply cost of chipped logging residues and small-diameter trees, from chipping at roadside storages to delivery to the end-user. Factors considered include demand curves (based on the requirements of a theoretical combined heat and power plant or biorefinery); demand volume; and mode of supply (direct or combined via terminal). The impact of longer trucking distances from the sites, and supply integration between forest and other land (varying relocation distances) was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The operational environment and work of a theoretical chip supplier in northern Sweden were modelled and simulated in ExtendSim®. Results: The mean supply cost of chips was 9% higher on average for combined chains than for direct chains. Given a high demand, 8% of the annual demand could not be delivered on time without using a terminal. High supply integration of forest and other land reduced supply costs by 2%. Contractors’ annual workloads were evened out by direct supply to the biorefinery (which has a relatively steady demand) or supply via-terminal independently of the end-user. Keeping distinct chips from different sites (implying that trucks were not always fully loaded) instead of mixing chips from different sites until the trucks were fully loaded increased supply costs by 12%. Conclusions: Terminals increase supply costs, but can enable demand to be met on time when direct supply chains alone might fail. Integrated supply planning could reduce supply costs by increasing the utilization of residual biomass from other land.

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