Influence of feeding damage by small mammals on tree growth and wood quality in young lodgepole pine

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Harry Coates ◽  
Les A. Jozsa ◽  
Paul K. Diggle
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of feeding injuries by snowshoe hare (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) and red squirrel (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) on diameter growth, height growth, and wood quality of juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.) at Prince George and in the Cariboo Region, British Columbia. In the Prince George control stand, severe girdling damage (50–99% stem circumference) suppressed diameter and height growth of small-diameter (4.1–6.0 cm) trees, but had no effect on larger stems (6.1–8.0 cm). In the spaced stand, diameter and height increments also declined significantly with degree of partial girdling, particularly in small-diameter (3.1–5.0 cm) trees. Paradoxically, diameter increment increased significantly with degree of partial girdling in both stands at the Cariboo study area. Presumably squirrels prefer to feed on vigorous stems, and the lost growth of these trees may be substantial. There was no significant difference in amount of compression wood nor total solvent and water extractives between undamaged and damaged trees. Fiber lengths in wound-associated wood were consistently 19–21% lower than in controls. Damaged trees had greater average ring width and density than undamaged trees. The average increase in relative density of damaged over undamaged trees was 0.0343. These results suggest that a severe degree of partial girdling (which likely occurs more often in small-diameter trees) may significantly affect growth of lodgepole pine, particularly small (<5.0 cm DBH) trees.

Impact of feeding damage by snowshoe hares on growth rates of juvenile lodgepole pine in central British Columbia

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1145-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Druscilla S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Snowshoe Hare ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of snowshoe hare (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) feeding injuries on diameter and height growth of juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). Five-year growth increments of undamaged and damaged crop trees in control (unspaced) and spaced stands, 20 km east of Prince George, B.C., were compared using analysis of variance. Semigirdling (sublethal) damage clearly suppressed diameter growth of small diameter (control, 41–60 mm; spaced, 31–50 mm) trees, but had little effect on larger stems. Height increment was significantly reduced by semigirdling in all diameter classes except for the 61–80 mm class in the control. Surface area or amount of bark and vascular tissue removed had little effect on growth increments in the spaced stand. The recommendation to delay spacing until the average tree diameter is >60 mm to avoid snowshoe hare damage is further supported for diameter but not necessarily for height growth.

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Cost Analysis of Industrial Supply of Chips from Logging Residues and Small-Diameter Trees

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Fernandez-Lacruz ◽  
Anders Eriksson ◽  
Dan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
End User ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Small Diameter Trees ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Supply Costs ◽  
The Impact

Research Highlights: The use of terminals can increase supply costs by 5–11% (when compared to direct supply), but terminals help secure supply during peak demand and cope with operational problems in the supply fleet in cases where direct supply chains would be unable to meet demand on time. Background and Objectives: This work analyses the supply cost of chipped logging residues and small-diameter trees, from chipping at roadside storages to delivery to the end-user. Factors considered include demand curves (based on the requirements of a theoretical combined heat and power plant or biorefinery); demand volume; and mode of supply (direct or combined via terminal). The impact of longer trucking distances from the sites, and supply integration between forest and other land (varying relocation distances) was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The operational environment and work of a theoretical chip supplier in northern Sweden were modelled and simulated in ExtendSim®. Results: The mean supply cost of chips was 9% higher on average for combined chains than for direct chains. Given a high demand, 8% of the annual demand could not be delivered on time without using a terminal. High supply integration of forest and other land reduced supply costs by 2%. Contractors’ annual workloads were evened out by direct supply to the biorefinery (which has a relatively steady demand) or supply via-terminal independently of the end-user. Keeping distinct chips from different sites (implying that trucks were not always fully loaded) instead of mixing chips from different sites until the trucks were fully loaded increased supply costs by 12%. Conclusions: Terminals increase supply costs, but can enable demand to be met on time when direct supply chains alone might fail. Integrated supply planning could reduce supply costs by increasing the utilization of residual biomass from other land.

scholarly journals Biological and chemical amelioration effects on the localities degraded by bulldozer site preparation in the Ore Mts. – Czech Republic 

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V Podrázský ◽  
J. Remeš ◽  
I. Ulbrichová
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Adsorption Complex ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
The Impact

Biological and chemical (fertilising, liming) amelioration are among the principal tools used to restore degraded sites. These techniques were also used on the Ore Mts. plateau on plots prepared by bulldozing. We evaluated the impact of these amelioration techniques by measuring tree species primary production and humus form restoration. Begun in 1983&ndash;1985, this project studied growth reaction of forest stands by measuring height and diameter increment, for the following species (blue spruce Picea pungens Engelm., European larch Larix decidua Mill., lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl., Eastern white pine Pinus strobus L., alder Alnus incana Moench., European beech Fagus sylvatica L.) during the period 1994&ndash;2000. The growth potential by species decreases in the following order: larch, alder, lodgepole pine, white pine, blue spruce. Beech was almost exterminated by red deer browsing and the harsh climate; pines suffered heavily from browsing and bark stripping. Holorganic horizons were measured and basic soil chemical and mechanical characteristics were determined &ndash; pH, soil adsorption complex characteristics (using Kappen&rsquo;s methodology), content of the humus and total nitrogen, exchangeable acidity and plant available macronutrients, granulometric composition of mineral soil horizons. Our results confirmed the relatively long-lasting effects of soil amendments, as well as the amelioration effects of alder, and the relatively inhibiting effects of larch and blue spruce.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) solid-wood quality traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1303-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Hayatgheibi ◽  
Anders Fries ◽  
Johan Kroon ◽  
Harry X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Early Selection

Potential improvement of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) solid-wood properties was examined by estimating age trends of inheritance, age–age genetic correlations, and the efficiency of early selection using 823 increment cores sampled from 207 half-sib families at two independent progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, located in northern Sweden. High-resolution radial variation of annual ring width, wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (clearwood stiffness; MOES) was measured using SilviScan. The dynamic stiffness (MOEtof) of standing trees was also obtained using Hitman ST300. Heritabilities ranged from 0.10 to 0.64 for growth and earlywood, transition-wood, and latewood proportions, from 0.29 to 0.77 for density traits, and from 0.13 to 0.33 for MFA and stiffness traits. Genetic correlations between early age and the reference age (26 years) suggested that early selection is efficient at age 4 years for MFA and between ages 5 to 8 years for density and MOES. Unfavorable diameter–stiffness genetic correlations and correlated responses indicate that breeding for a 1% increase in diameter would confer 5.5% and 2.3% decreases in lodgepole pine MOES and MOEtof, respectively. Index selection with appropriate economical weights for growth and wood stiffness is highly recommended for selective breeding.

Compatible diameter and height increment models for lodgepole pine, trembling aspen, and white spruce

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson K. Nunifu
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Diameter Increment

In this study, compatible height and diameter increment models were fitted for lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), using the relationship between diameter and height growth. It was assumed that tree diameter increment is directly proportional to height increment, and the proportionality constant is a function of competition and site productivity. The results showed that the fit statistics are comparable with results of other studies, with adjusted R2 ranging from 30% to 50%. A validation test of the models, using independent permanent sample plots data, showed that the short-term predictions of the models for both pure and mixedwood stands are fairly unbiased. The models also gave reasonable average height growth and diameter growth trajectories for pure stands of the three species and also projected long-term mixedwood (aspen – white spruce mixture) volume growth dynamics reasonably well. The models also projected reasonably well (i) the effect of increasing initial stem density on average diameter and height, and (ii) the stand volume compared with an older version the Mixedwood Growth Model (ver. 2000A). It was concluded that explicitly linking tree height and diameter increment models does not only have a solid ecological basis, but it also results in a compatible prediction of tree growth and stand dynamics.

Indentation of Juvenile Annual Growth Rings and their Impact on Morphology of Wood Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 688 ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Racko ◽  
Olga Misikova ◽  
Igor Cunderlik ◽  
Blazej Seman
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Production

The morphology of cellular elements of juvenile wood of spruce has, in comparing to mature wood, different parameters. Subsequently, indented growth ring zones, caused by genetic predisposition and cambial injury, can significantly change the morphology of these tissues. The aim of the paper compared the morphology of cellular elements of juvenile wood originating in the indented and the normal growth rings. The results confirmed a significant difference in the proportion, the dimensions and shape of parenchyma cells and tracheids. While, in zones containing the indented growth rings the proportions were 15.6 % and 84.4 %, in normal growth rings were 10.4 % and 89.6 %. Tracheids in the indented growth ring zones were shorter and narrower (1.47 mm and 25.4 µm), but in normal growth ring zones longer and wider (2.14 mm and 28.3 µm). Tracheids from marginal and central zones normal growth rings showed considerable inhomogeneity in longitudinal shape (they were twisted). On the basis of change tissue morphology in the juvenile growth phase we can expect the impact of these growth disproportions on the quality production of pulp and paper, mainly in assortments with small diameter.

Impact of red squirrel feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 666-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Alan Vyse
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
The Impact

This study measured the impact of red squirrel (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in the Cariboo Forest Region of British Columbia. A limited regional assessment of animal damage in spaced stands indicated that squirrels were the most important small mammal damage agents and that lodgepole pine was the only tree species susceptible to squirrel feeding (bark and vascular tissues) injuries. Intensive assessment of damage in two stands showed that squirrel attack was significantly greater among large- (>60 mm dbh) than small-diameter stems. Significantly more spaced than control (unspaced) crop trees were attacked. There was a general decline in the proportion of trees wounded from 1980 to 1985. Some damaged trees grew faster in diameter than undamaged trees of the same size. However, at one study area, damaged trees showed faster radial growth than undamaged trees before and after squirrel attack. Squirrels appear to prefer feeding on vigorous stems and the lost growth of these trees may be substantial. Height growth of damaged trees was significantly reduced in one stand in the years following squirrel damage. Some limit to a tree's capacity to sustain damage, beyond which mortality is inevitable, seems likely. Impact of damage to spaced stands may be minimized by delaying spacing in susceptible areas or by increasing the prescribed number of stems remaining after spacing to compensate for expected mortality and severe damage.

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis: Early Interventions With Low Profile Stents Versus Delayed Interventions With Large Diameter Stents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Pewowaruk ◽  
Kevin Pettit ◽  
Carolina Larrain ◽  
Cody Johnson ◽  
Christopher J. Francois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Artery Stenosis ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) is a common complication of heart surgery in infancy. With recent advances in low profile-small diameter stent technology, PA stenting is now often performed in infants. While PAS stenting in older children does not impact distal PA growth and multiplication, in infants still undergoing significant PA growth, the impact of PA stent timing on long term PA development is unknown and potentially important. In a swine PAS model, the effects of early and delayed stent interventions on PA growth and cardiac function were comprehensively assessed. PA stenting had a positive impact on hemodynamics, lung perfusion, and histology, but the timing of intervention, either early or late, does not make a significant difference.

scholarly journals Dendroecology of Macrolobium acaciifolium (Fabaceae) in Central Amazonian floodplain forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane Silva BATISTA ◽  
Jochen SCHÖNGART
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrological Variables

ABSTRACT The forest dynamics in the Amazonian floodplains is strongly triggered by the flood pulse. Trees respond to unfavorable growth conditions during the flood period by cambial dormancy, which results in the formation of annual growth rings. We determined tree age and compared the mean annual rates of increase in the diameter of Macrolobium acaciifolium with hydrological and climatic factors in three regions of central Amazonian floodplain forest. A wood sample was obtained from each tree using an increment borer. Ring growth was assessed by marginal parenchyma bands to determine tree age and the mean diameter increment. Ring widths were indexed to construct cross-dating chronologies and correlated with climatic and hydrological variables. The analyses demonstrate that the mean annual diameter increment did not differ between the three study sites. The chronologies correlated significantly with the terrestrial phase. There was no significant difference in the ring-width index between El Niño years and other years, and between La Niña and other years. These results show that the hydrological variables can be considered crucial to the rates of tree growth and diameter increment in floodplains, and El Niño signals were not detected in the tree-ring chronologies.

Development, validation, and application of a model of intra- and inter-tree variability of wood density for lodgepole pine in western Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkai Peng ◽  
James D. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Data Set

Wood density is an important characteristic for evaluating wood quality and estimating tree biomass. The ring-level focus of most density models requires inputs and produces predictions at a scale at which industry does not currently operate. Our objective was to develop a model at a scale intermediate between ring and tree levels that would capture the significant, operationally relevant variability that exists within lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) trees. We developed a model for estimating mean wood density for groups of five growth rings using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. The data were collected from six long-term silviculture research trials in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. An independent data set from west-central Alberta was used for validation. Our results indicated that the density variation pattern can be reproduced using ring width and distance from pith as fixed effects and including site- and tree-level attributes as random effects. The stochastic variation of density among trees was large. Based on the estimated tree-level random effect distribution, prediction bands conditional on simulated random effects were proposed to assess intertree variability of density within a site. Estimation of site-level random effects may reduce bias for sites with low or high wood density.

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