Gut Microbiota and A Gluten-Free Diet

Recently, the interest in the human microbiome and its interplay with the host has exploded and provided new insights on its role in conferring host protection and regulating host physiology, including the correct development of immunity. However, in the presence of microbial imbalance and particular genetic settings, the microbiome may contribute to the dysfunction of host metabolism and physiology, leading to pathogenesis and/or the progression of several diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite ascertaining that gluten is the trigger in CD, evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is somehow involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical presentation of CD. Indeed, several studies have reported imbalances in the intestinal microbiota of patients with CD that are mainly characterized by an increased abundance of Bacteroides spp. and a decrease in Bifidobacterium spp. The evidence that some of these microbial imbalances still persist in spite of a strict gluten-free diet and that celiac patients suffering from persistent gastrointestinal symptoms have a desert gut microbiota composition further support its close link with CD. All of this evidence gives rise to the hypothesis that probiotics might play a role in this condition. In this review, we describe the recent scientific evidences linking the gut microbiota in CD, starting from the possible role of microbes in CD pathogenesis, the attempt to define a microbial signature of disease, the effect of a gluten-free diet and host genetic assets regarding microbial composition to end in the exploration of the proof of concept of probiotic use in animal models to the most recent clinical application of selected probiotic strains.

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The metabolic activity of the gut microbiota and the impact of gluten free diet in children with coeliac disease

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665114000196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 73 (OCE1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Makinder ◽

M. Kassara ◽

A. Karanikolou ◽

O. Biskou ◽

E. Buchanan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Coeliac Disease ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

The Impact

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Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans

Gut Microbes ◽

10.4161/gmic.1.3.11868 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 135-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Yolanda Sanz

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Function ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Adult Humans

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Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114509371767 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 102 (8) ◽

pp. 1154-1160 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

Giada De Palma ◽

Inmaculada Nadal ◽

Maria Carmen Collado ◽

Yolanda Sanz

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Function ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Gut Health ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Faecal Samples

Diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota and host's health, particularly in patients suffering from food-related diseases. Coeliac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance to cereal gluten proteins and the only therapy for the patients is to adhere to a life-long gluten-free diet (GFD). In the present preliminary study, the effects of a GFD on the composition and immune function of the gut microbiota were analysed in ten healthy subjects (mean age 30·3 years) over 1 month. Faecal microbiota was analysed by fluorescencein situhybridisation (FISH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The ability of faecal bacteria to stimulate cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined by ELISA. No significant differences in dietary intake were found before and after the GFD except for reductions (P = 0·001) in polysaccharides.Bifidobacterium,Clostridium lituseburenseandFaecalibacterium prausnitziiproportions decreased (P = 0·007,P = 0·031 andP = 0·009, respectively) as a result of the GFD analysed by FISH.Bifidobacterium,LactobacillusandBifidobacterium longumcounts decreased (P = 0·020,P = 0·001 andP = 0·017, respectively), whileEnterobacteriaceaeandEscherichia colicounts increased (P = 0·005 andP = 0·003) after the GFD assessed by qPCR. TNF-α, interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-8 production by PBMC stimulated with faecal samples was also reduced (P = 0·021,P = 0·037,P = 0·002 andP = 0·007, respectively) after the diet. Therefore, the GFD led to reductions in beneficial gut bacteria populations and the ability of faecal samples to stimulate the host's immunity. Thus, the GFD may constitute an environmental variable to be considered in treated CD patients for its possible effects on gut health.

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Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12061832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1832 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giacomo Caio ◽

Lisa Lungaro ◽

Nicola Segata ◽

Matteo Guarino ◽

Giorgio Zoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Celiac Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Gluten Proteins ◽

Wheat Sensitivity ◽

Long Life ◽

Gut Microbiota Composition

Celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCG/WS) are the two most frequent conditions belonging to gluten-related disorders (GRDs). Both these diseases are triggered and worsened by gluten proteins ingestion, although other components, such as amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs), seem to be involved in the NCG/WS onset. Therefore, the only effective treatment to date is the long-life adherence to a strictly gluten-free diet. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the intestinal barrier, a dynamic system comprising various components, which regulate the delicate crosstalk between metabolic, motor, neuroendocrine and immunological functions. Among the elements characterizing the intestinal barrier, the microbiota plays a key role, modulating the gut integrity maintenance, the immune response and the inflammation process, linked to the CD and NCG/WS outbreak. This narrative review addresses the most recent findings on the gut microbiota modulation induced by the gluten-free diet (GFD) in healthy, CD and NCG/WS patients.

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The Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Health and the Gut Microbiota Cannot Be Extrapolated from One Population to Others

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10101421 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1421 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jose Garcia-Mazcorro ◽

Giuliana Noratto ◽

Jose Remes-Troche

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Economic Viability ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Collaborative Efforts ◽

Over Time ◽

Biomedical Community ◽

Improve Health

Gluten-related disorders (GRD) affect millions of people worldwide and have been related to the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. These disorders present differently in each patient and the only treatment available is a strict life-long gluten-free diet (GFD). Several studies have investigated the effect of a GFD on the gut microbiota of patients afflicted with GRD as well as healthy people. The purpose of this review is to persuade the biomedical community to think that, while useful, the results from the effect of GFD on health and the gut microbiota cannot be extrapolated from one population to others. This argument is primarily based on the highly individualized pattern of gut microbial composition and metabolic activity in each person, the variability of the gut microbiota over time and the plethora of factors associated with this variation. In addition, there is wide variation in the composition, economic viability, and possible deleterious effects to health among different GFD, both within and among countries. Overall, this paper encourages the conception of more collaborative efforts to study local populations in an effort to reach biologically and medically useful conclusions that truly contribute to improve health in patients afflicted with GRD.

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Influence of low FODMAP-gluten free diet on gut microbiota alterations and symptom severity in Iranian patients with irritable bowel syndrome

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01868-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kaveh Naseri ◽

Hossein Dabiri ◽

Mohammad Rostami-Nejad ◽

Abbas Yadegar ◽

Hamidreza Houri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Before And After ◽

Irritable Bowel ◽

Iranian Patients

Abstract Background and objective Recently, dietary restriction of fermentable carbohydrates (a low-FODMAP diet) in combination with a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been proposed to reduce the symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Different studies reported that IBS has been associated with dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. Additionally, a few studies have reported inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) system of adults with IBS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of low FODMAP-gluten free diet (LF-GFD) on clinical symptoms, intestinal microbiota diversity, and fecal calprotectin (FC) level in Iranian patients with IBS. Design In this clinical trial study, 42 patients with IBS (Rome IV criteria) underwent LF-GFD intervention for 6 weeks. Symptoms were assessed using the IBS symptom severity scoring (IBS-SSS), and fecal samples were collected at baseline and after intervention and analyzed by quantitative 16 S rRNA PCR assay. The diversity of gut microbiota compared before and after 6 weeks of dietary intervention. FC was also analyzed by the ELISA method. Results Thirty patients (mean age 37.8 ± 10.7 years) completed the 6-week diet. The IBS-SSS was significantly (P = 0.001) reduced after LF-GFD intervention compared to the baseline. Significant microbial differences before and after intervention were noticed in fecal samples. A significant increase was found in Bacteroidetes, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was significantly (P = 0.001) decreased after the dietary intervention. The value of FC was significantly decreased after 6 weeks of dietary intervention (P = 0.001). Conclusions Our study suggests that patients with IBS under an LF-GFD had a significant improvement in IBS symptoms severity, with reduced FC level following normalization of their gut microbiota composition. Further rigorous trials are needed to establish a long-term efficacy and safety of this dietary intervention for personalized nutrition in IBS. Clinical Trial Registry Number: IRCT20100524004010N26.

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