Ethical issues in research and development of nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Eliana B. Souto ◽  
João Dias-Ferreira ◽  
Ranjita Shegokar ◽  
Alessandra Durazzo ◽  
Antonello Santini
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Ethical Issues

Ethical adaptation and legal regulation of modern technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 209660832110530
Author(s):  
Jie Song
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Responsible Innovation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ethical Norms

The efficiency and convenience afforded by modern technology have increased its importance to society in recent years. However, the risks and ethical issues associated with it can lead to many social problems. There is consensus in the academic community that standardizing the research and development of modern technology can help solve those problems. Although different in scope, ethical adaptation and legal regulation are both effective ways to regulate modern technology. Ethical adaptation is mainly used to optimize the environment of research and development on modern technology. The coordination of Dao (the ‘way’ in classical Chinese philosophy) and technology is a means of constructing a rational technical ethic. The social construction of technology provides the possibility for Dao–technology coordination, and responsible innovation is a responsibility that should be shouldered by technical workers. The ethical adaptation of modern technology has a significant influence but limited restraints. When ethical adaptation cannot function, it is necessary to consider technical behaviour within the scope of legal regulations and restrain modern technology by formulating and implementing a legal system for it. The relevant laws are grounded in the coercive force of the state and are far more effective than ethical norms. Moreover, a lack of ethics for technological actors has caused some negative consequences in the application of technology. When formulating laws regarding technology, it is important to include science and technology policies and ethical norms to complete the legal system for technology. The derivative effect of modern technology requires the joint action of ethics and law. Only when they coordinate with and promote each other can the benign development of modern technology and the orderly development of modern society be realized.

Ethical issues surrounding childhood tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
P. Hummel ◽  
N. Ahamed ◽  
F. Amanullah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Reporting Service ◽  
Childhood Tb

Each year, at least one million children become ill with tuberculosis (TB) and more than 253 000 died of TB in 2016. The ethical issues surrounding childhood TB remain underexplored, and established or proposed management strategies are scarce. In this paper, we identify ethical challenges that are raised by childhood TB. Some of them are familiar from TB in other populations but arise with increased severity in children. We discuss interconnected and mutually reinforcing difficulties clustered around the topics of susceptibility, diagnosis, reporting, service provision, treatment, psychological and social support, and research and development (R&D) neglect. We formulate suggestions on how to address these ethical issues. For developing sound research agendas and policies based on the WHO End TB Strategy, it is essential that diagnosis and reporting improve. There is a duty to care for and provide available interventions to children with TB even if they are not a major source of transmission, and therefore no major impact on public health is expected. Treatment should be accompanied by counselling, health education, psychological and material support to TB-affected children and their families. Children need to be included equitably and more systematically into the TB research agenda.

Ethical Issues and Transplantation Technology

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Thomasma
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Brain Transplant

Not that long ago, any thought of transferring body parts, or fluids like blood, among individuals was expressed in terms of a nightmare. Consider the problem of involuntary blood transfusions to Count Dracula! Or recall the infamous brain transplant to the brutish body under Dr. Frankenstein's ministrations. The very thought of bodily transference stimulated writers to create monsters. The stuff of evil seemed to surround any attempt. Hubris was considered the evil that exceeded the normal limits of scientific research and development. Transplantation seemed to make humans into gods who defied death but who, like Icarus and his wax wings, flew too close to the sun.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues in Research and Development of Epigenome-wide Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 251686572091325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline M Bunnik ◽  
Marjolein Timmers ◽  
Ineke LLE Bolt
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Expert Meeting ◽  
Innovation Approach ◽  
Responsible Research

To date, few scholarly discussions on ethical implications of epigenetics and epigenomics technologies have focused on the current phase of research and development, in which researchers are confronted with real and practical ethical dilemmas. In this article, a responsible research and innovation approach, using interviews and an expert meeting, is applied to a case of epigenomic test development for cervical cancer screening. This article provides an overview of ethical issues presently facing epigenomics researchers and test developers, and discusses 3 sets of issues in depth: (1) informed consent; (2) communication with donors and/or research participants, and (3) privacy and publication of data and research results. Although these issues are familiar to research ethics, some aspects are new and most require reinterpretation in the context of epigenomics technologies. With this article, we aim to start a discussion of the practical ethical issues rising in research and development of epigenomic technologies and to offer guidance for researchers working in the field of epigenetic and epigenomic technology.

scholarly journals Is Humane Slaughter Possible?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Browning ◽  
Walter Veit
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Animal Agriculture ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Animal Welfare Science ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Deep Sense

One of the biggest ethical issues in animal agriculture is that of the welfare of animals at the end of their lives, during the process of slaughter. Much work in animal welfare science is focussed on finding humane ways to transport and slaughter animals, to minimise the harm done during this process. In this paper, we take a philosophical look at what it means to perform slaughter humanely, beyond simply reducing pain and suffering during the slaughter process. In particular, we will examine the issue of the harms of deprivation inflicted in ending life prematurely, as well as shape of life concerns and the ethical implications of inflicting these harms at the end of life, without the potential for future offsetting through positive experiences. We will argue that though these considerations may mean that no slaughter is in a deep sense truly ‘humane’, this should not undermine the importance of further research and development to ensure that while the practice continues, animal welfare harms are minimised as far as possible.

Genetics in sustainable forestry: the challenges for forest genetics and tree breeding in the new millennium

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Burley
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Forest Genetics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Millennium

The life's work of Professor Gene Namkoong helped to lay the theoretical and quantitative foundations for modern forest genetics and tree breeding. It also emphasized the practical and ethical issues of the conservation of forest gene resources. As we enter a new millennium the challenges facing forest geneticists and tree breeders include recognition of changing demands on forests for a range of forest products of different quantities and qualities; development and wise application of the new molecular technologies for genetic manipulation and practical breeding; presentation of the values of genetics to policy-makers and to the concerned public; capture of resources for research and development as forestry moves from the public sector to private institutions; and preparation for a future that is uncertain politically, economically, socially, and environmentally.

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