Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in domestic dogs and cats in the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean: A review

AbstractExtensive collections of synanthropic fly parasitoids in animal excrement accumulations in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Chile, Denmark, Israel, and South Africa yielded seven forms of a Muscidifurax complex which were totally or partially reproductively isolated. Morphological studies of female and male parasitoids coupled with biological and zoogeographical information permitted the identification of five sibling species. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders 1910 is redescribed and four additional species are described as new: M. zaraptor, from the southwestern United States; M. raptoroides from Central America and Mexico; M. uniraptor from Puerto Rico, and M. raptorellus from Uruguay and Chile. Biological notes are added to the descriptions, and it was postulated that the genus is undergoing a process of speciation with local populations slowly becoming reproductively isolated and eventually giving rise to morphologically distinguishable entities. Most evidence suggests the establishment of Muscidifurax in the New World, concomitant with or shortly following the establishment of muscoid flies in accumulated excrement. Scanning electronmicroscopy was used in the analysis of some morphological structures.

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The New “Black Death”: Cholera in Brazil, 1855-1856

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/s0145553200015583 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 467-488

Author(s):

Donald B. Cooper

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

North Africa ◽

River Basins ◽

The United States ◽

Black Death ◽

Northern Province ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Intense Heat ◽

Effective Buffer

On repeated occasions in the nineteenth century, Asian cholera irrupted from its traditional center in the great river basins of India and spread in pandemic waves throughout parts of Europe, North Africa, and North America. In Spain alone 600,000 deaths resulted from cholera during four great invasions (Cárdenas, 1971: 224). The United States experienced terrifying outbreaks beginning in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Rosenberg, 1962) which also touched parts of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Initially South America escaped the onslaught. Some Brazilians speculated that the intense heat of the equator, or the vast expanse of the Atlantic ocean, somehow offered an effective buffer to the southward spread of cholera (Rego, 1872: 84). But this “sweet illusion” was shattered in 1855. Indeed the first city in Brazil struck by Asian cholera was Belém, capital of the vast northern province of Pará located astride the equator at the mouth of the Amazon river.

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Migrants and Asylum Seekers: Policy Responses in the United States to Immigrants and Refugees from Central America and the Caribbean

International Migration ◽

10.1111/1468-2435.00074 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 289-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Michael J. McBride

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

Asylum Seekers ◽

The United States ◽

Immigrants And Refugees ◽

Policy Responses ◽

The Caribbean

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European Possessions in the Americas

Journal of Inter-American Studies ◽

10.2307/164954 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 395-405

Author(s):

E. Taylor Parks

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

Mississippi River ◽

New World ◽

Geographic Location ◽

The United States ◽

National Defense ◽

Strategic Value ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The Antarctic

The United States of 1783 was composed of thirteen former English colonies and their hinterland extending to the Mississippi River. Except on the Atlantic side, the new republic was surrounded by European possessions. In fact, the remainder of the New World was claimed by European nations. It was inevitable, therefore, that the United States from the beginning would concern itself with these European possessions.The degree of concern has been determined largely by three factors: (1) the geographic location of the areas, (2) their economic and strategic value, and (3) the relative power and prestige of their current or prospective possessors. As regards the geographic location of the areas, the interest of the United States has expanded roughly in broad concentric arcs: (a) contiguous continental lands (Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California, Oregon Territory); (b) Alaska, Central America, and the Caribbean; (c) South America and off-shore islands; and (d) the Antarctic. This expansion of interest has been concomitant with the territorial and economic growth of the United States, the development of ever-more-rapid means of transportation and communication, and the changing concepts of national defense.

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Frost tolerance of Liquidambar styraciflua native to the United States, Mexico, and Central America

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b71-218 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 49 (9) ◽

pp. 1551-1558 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

George J. Williams, III ◽

Calvin McMillan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

The United States ◽

Frost Tolerance ◽

Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽

United States Mexico ◽

Amo 1618 ◽

The U.S ◽

Collection Sites ◽

Selection Of

Seedlings derived from field-collected seed from the United States, Mexico, and Central America were tested for frost hardiness under laboratory conditions. U.S. seedlings grown under four controlled conditions demonstrated greatest frost hardening under cool temperatures and short day lengths. Seedlings representing northernmost U.S. collection sites developed greater frost tolerance than seedlings representing southern U.S. collection sites. In comparing United States, Mexico, and Central America seedlings, the U.S. material showed greatest frost tolerance with Mexico and Central America demonstrating similar hardiness. The application of plant hormones (natural gibberellic acid and artificial AMO-1618) produced opposite effects on U.S. seedlings derived from Connecticut and Florida seed. The Connecticut seedlings demonstrated greatest frost tolerance in all treatments. Demonstrated frost tolerance differences among United States, Mexico, and Central America populations strongly indicate selection of frost hardy races in habitats with severe frost conditions.

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Seeking Influence Abroad

Imperialism and the Developing World ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190069629.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 209-253

Author(s):

Atul Kohli

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Central America ◽

The United States ◽

Poor Quality ◽

The Philippines ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Imperial Power ◽

Pacific Asia ◽

The Caribbean

Born an anticolonial nation, the United States burst upon the global scene as an imperial power at the end of the nineteenth century. This chapter analyzes the American expansion into the Caribbean, Central America, and Pacific Asia. When the United States became a major industrial power in the late nineteenth century, it sought profit and power overseas, especially new economic opportunities. The United States experimented with colonialism but settled on creating stable but subservient regimes in peripheral countries as the main mechanism of control. Benefits to the United States included gains in trade, opportunities for foreign investments, and profitable loans. Countries under US influence, including the Philippines, Cuba, and Nicaragua, experienced some economic growth but became commodity exporters with sharp inequalities and poor-quality governments.

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The Belize Triangle: Relations with Britain, Guatemala and the United States

Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ◽

10.2307/166131 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 119-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anthony J. Payne

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Central American ◽

Democratic Change ◽

Electoral Defeat ◽

British Colonial ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Central American Isthmus

Within the international politics of the Caribbean Basin attention is only rarely paid to the position of Belize. This neglect is the more remarkable since Belize epitomizes — more precisely than any other territory of the region — the characteristic geopolitical problem of the Caribbean caught, as it were, uneasily between the United States, Latin America and Europe. Yet, despite being threatened by the Guatemalan claim to sovereignty over its territory, which delayed its independence until 1981, Belize has skillfully taken advantage of its British colonial past to carve out for itself a distinctive geopolitical space in Central America and the Caribbean. This has allowed it not only to remain relatively undisturbed by the conflicts which have riven the other states of the Central American isthmus, but also to display a commitment to democratic change strong enough to sustain the electoral defeat — in December 1984 — of a regime which had held power in the country for more than thirty years, as well as the defeat of its successor — in September 1989 — after just one term in office.

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Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Over the United States, Central America, and the Caribbean in CMIP6 GCMs

Earth Systems and Environment ◽

10.1007/s41748-021-00199-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Mansour Almazroui ◽

M. Nazrul Islam ◽

Fahad Saeed ◽

Sajjad Saeed ◽

Muhammad Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

The United States ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Reference Period ◽

Monsoon Region ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Projected Changes

AbstractThe Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset is used to examine projected changes in temperature and precipitation over the United States (U.S.), Central America and the Caribbean. The changes are computed using an ensemble of 31 models for three future time slices (2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2080–2099) relative to the reference period (1995–2014) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs; SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The CMIP6 ensemble reproduces the observed annual cycle and distribution of mean annual temperature and precipitation with biases between − 0.93 and 1.27 °C and − 37.90 to 58.45%, respectively, for most of the region. However, modeled precipitation is too large over the western and Midwestern U.S. during winter and spring and over the North American monsoon region in summer, while too small over southern Central America. Temperature is projected to increase over the entire domain under all three SSPs, by as much as 6 °C under SSP5-8.5, and with more pronounced increases in the northern latitudes over the regions that receive snow in the present climate. Annual precipitation projections for the end of the twenty-first century have more uncertainty, as expected, and exhibit a meridional dipole-like pattern, with precipitation increasing by 10–30% over much of the U.S. and decreasing by 10–40% over Central America and the Caribbean, especially over the monsoon region. Seasonally, precipitation over the eastern and central subregions is projected to increase during winter and spring and decrease during summer and autumn. Over the monsoon region and Central America, precipitation is projected to decrease in all seasons except autumn. The analysis was repeated on a subset of 9 models with the best performance in the reference period; however, no significant difference was found, suggesting that model bias is not strongly influencing the projections.

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Banana Republicanism

The Empire Trap ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691155821.003.0005 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Noel Maurer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

The United States ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Intervention Policy

This chapter illustrates how republican administrations after 1920 continued the intervention policy, even though Warren Harding openly campaigned against it in his 1920 presidential run. It shows how Harding tried and failed to extricate the United States from the interventions and receiverships in Central America, the Caribbean, and Liberia. Calvin Coolidge succeeded Harding after his death in 1923, and the Coolidge administration was equally ambivalent. Nevertheless, Coolidge failed to resist pressure to intervene on behalf of U.S. investors. By 1927, he would publicly state that there is a distinct and binding obligation on the part of self-respecting governments to afford protection to the persons and property of their citizens, wherever they may be.

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Synthesis of Results from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Process Study

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli4081.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1601-1607 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Wayne Higgins ◽

David Gochis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central America ◽

North American ◽

The United States ◽

Background Information ◽

North American Monsoon ◽

The North ◽

Process Study ◽

Monsoon System ◽

United States Mexico

Abstract An international team of scientists from the United States, Mexico, and Central America carried out a major field campaign during the summer of 2004 to develop an improved understanding of the North American monsoon system leading to improved precipitation forecasts. Results from this campaign, which is the centerpiece of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Process Study, are reported in this issue of the Journal of Climate. In addition to a synthesis of key findings, this brief overview article also raises some important unresolved issues that require further attention. More detailed background information on NAME, including motivating science questions, where NAME 2004 was conducted, when, and the experimental design, was published previously by Higgins et al.

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