An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodica Curtu ◽  
Ricardo Mantilla ◽  
Morgan Fonley ◽  
Luciana K. Cunha ◽  
Scott J. Small ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Hillslope Scale ◽  
Runoff Dynamics

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ОРОШАЕМЫХ СОЛОНЦОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ПОЧВ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Yashin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Salt Flats

Представлены материалы исследований формирования режима влажности и динамики грунтовых вод орошаемых солонцовых комплексных почв при различных способах полива, проведенные в Волгоградском Заволжье. Установлена значительная неравномерность распределения влажности почвы при поливах дождеванием. Отмечается поверхностный сток по микрорельефу до 30% от поливной нормы, что приводит к недостаточности увлажнения корневой зоны на солонцах и переувлажнению почв в понижениях микрорельефа и потере оросительной воды на инфильтрационное питание грунтовых вод.The article presents the materials of research on the formation of the humidity regime and dynamics of ground water of irrigated saline complex soils under various irrigation methods, conducted in the Volgograd Zavolzhye. A significant unevenness in the distribution of soil moisture during irrigation with sprinkling has been established. There is a surface runoff on the microrelief of up to 30% of the irrigation norm, which leads to insufficient moisture of the root zone on the salt flats and waterlogging of the soil in the microrelief depressions and loss of irrigation water for infiltration feed of ground water.

scholarly journals Estimating surface runoff and groundwater recharge in an urban catchment using a water balance approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 2411-2428
Author(s):  
Robin K. Weatherl ◽  
Maria J. Henao Salgado ◽  
Maximilian Ramgraber ◽  
Christian Moeck ◽  
Mario Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Hydrograph Separation ◽  
Balance Approach

AbstractLand-use changes often have significant impact on the water cycle, including changing groundwater/surface-water interactions, modifying groundwater recharge zones, and increasing risk of contamination. Surface runoff in particular is significantly impacted by land cover. As surface runoff can act as a carrier for contaminants found at the surface, it is important to characterize runoff dynamics in anthropogenic environments. In this study, the relationship between surface runoff and groundwater recharge in urban areas is explored using a top-down water balance approach. Two empirical models were used to estimate runoff: (1) an updated, advanced method based on curve number, followed by (2) bivariate hydrograph separation. Modifications were added to each method in an attempt to better capture continuous soil-moisture processes and explicitly account for runoff from impervious surfaces. Differences between the resulting runoff estimates shed light on the complexity of the rainfall–runoff relationship, and highlight the importance of understanding soil-moisture dynamics and their control on hydro(geo)logical responses. These results were then used as input in a water balance to calculate groundwater recharge. Two approaches were used to assess the accuracy of these groundwater balance estimates: (1) comparison to calculations of groundwater recharge using the calibrated conceptual HBV Light model, and (2) comparison to groundwater recharge estimates from physically similar catchments in Switzerland that are found in the literature. In all cases, recharge is estimated at approximately 40–45% of annual precipitation. These conditions were found to closely echo those results from Swiss catchments of similar characteristics.

Inferring hillslope response under seismic loading and rainfall: A case study from the SE Carpathian, Romania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin Kumar ◽  
Léna Cauchie ◽  
Anne-Sophie Mreyen ◽  
Philippe Cerfontaine ◽  
Mihai Micu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Slope Stability ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Seismic Stability ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Stability Evaluation ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Year 2000

<p>Seismic stability evaluation plays a crucial role in landslide disaster risk reduction. Related modeling also has to consider the potential influences of the rainfall on the hillslopes. This study aims at understanding the relative influence of the seismic loading and extreme cumulative rainfall on a massive active landslide in the seismically active Vrancea-Buzau region of the Romanian Carpathians (45° 30' 23" N, 26° 25' 05" E). This region has been subjected to more than 700 earthquakes (M>4) events with the highest magnitude of 7.2 (M<sub>w</sub>) during the year 1960-2019. Rainfall data of the year 2000-2019 revealed the occurrence of relatively intense rainfall events, especially during the last ten years. The landslide has an aerial dimension of ~9.1 million m². It hosts the small village of Varlaam at the toe along the Bisca River. The slope (with an average gradient of 15-20°) is covered by shrubs and scattered trees near its borders and is relatively barren in the central part. Shales with some intercalated sandstone layers belonging to the Miocene thrust belt constitute the rocks of the slope.   </p><p>A first survey involving the multi-station array and related Horizontal-to-Vertical noise Spectral Ratio (HVSR) measurements was completed in summer 2019. The findings of the HVSR were processed using the inversion process to infer the shear wave velocity distribution with depth and to detect the sliding surface of the landslide. These velocities were further used to estimate the geotechnical properties of the subsurface using the empirical equations. The HVSR based depth profiles and the Unmanned Air Vehicle based topographic information were used to take four 2D slope sections. These sections were considered for 2D discrete element modeling based stability evaluation under static and dynamic condition along with sensitivity analysis. Static simulation was used to determine the Factor of Safety (FS) using the shear strength reduction approach. Ricker wavelet was used as input seismic load in the dynamic simulation. Potential run-out and flow characteristics of the slope material were explored using the Voellmy rheology based RAMMS software. The relationship between rainfall, surface runoff, and soil moisture was also explored to understand the hydrogeological influence on slope stability.</p><p>Though the slope reveals meta-stability (1.0<FS<2.0) condition under static loading, displacement in the soil reaches up to 1.5 m that further increases to 2.8 m under dynamic loading. According to the topographic characteristics of the slope and to the presence of landslide material or intact bedrock near the surface, acceleration along the slope reaches a Peak Ground Acceleration in the range of 0.6 to 1.3g. Eight extreme rainfall events (>50mm/24 hours) during the year 2000-2019 are noted to temporally coincide with enhanced surface runoff and increased soil moisture in the region. Debris flow runout modeling indicated that the slope material may attain a maximum flow height and flow velocity of 13±0.8 m and 5±0.5 m/sec, respectively, along the river channel.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Landslide;<strong> </strong>Earthquake; Slope stability; Runout; SE Carpathian</p>

scholarly journals Large-scale lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity as metric for the connectivity of the subsurface flow paths at hillslope scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Pirastru ◽  
Massimo Iovino ◽  
Hassan Awada ◽  
Roberto Marrosu ◽  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Hillslope Scale

Lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l, is the soil property governing subsurface water transfer in hillslopes, and the key parameter in many numerical models simulating hydrological processes both at the hillslope and catchment scales. Likewise, the hydrological connectivity of lateral flow paths plays a significant role in determining the intensity of the subsurface flow at various spatial scales. The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between Ks,l and hydraulic connectivity at the hillslope spatial scale. Ks,l was determined by the subsurface flow rates intercepted by drains, and by water table depths observed in a well network. Hydraulic connectivity of the lateral flow paths was evaluated by the synchronicity among piezometric peaks, and between the latter and the peaks of drained flow. Soil moisture and precipitation data were used to investigate the influence of the transient hydrological soil condition on connectivity and Ks,l. It was found that the higher was the synchronicity of the water table response between wells, the lower was the time lag between the peaks of water levels and those of the drained subsurface flow. Moreover, the most synchronic water table rises determined the highest drainage rates. The relationships between Ks,l and water table depths were highly non-linear, with a sharp increase of the values for water table levels close to the soil surface. Estimated Ks,l values for the full saturated soil were in the order of thousands of mm h-1, suggesting the activation of macropores in the root zone. The Ks,l values determined at the peak of the drainage events were correlated with the indicators of synchronicity. The sum of the antecedent soil moisture and of the precipitation was correlated with the indicators of connectivity and with Ks,l. We suggest that, for simulating realistic processes at the hillslope scale, the hydraulic connectivity could be implicitly considered in hydrological modelling through an evaluation of Ks,l at the same spatial scale.

scholarly journals Modifying a dynamic global vegetation model for simulating large spatial scale land surface water balances

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2547-2565 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tang ◽  
P. J. Bartlein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Land Surface Water ◽  
Land Surface Hydrology ◽  
Water Balances ◽  
Global Vegetation

Abstract. Satellite-based data, such as vegetation type and fractional vegetation cover, are widely used in hydrologic models to prescribe the vegetation state in a study region. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) simulate land surface hydrology. Incorporation of satellite-based data into a DGVM may enhance a model's ability to simulate land surface hydrology by reducing the task of model parameterization and providing distributed information on land characteristics. The objectives of this study are to (i) modify a DGVM for simulating land surface water balances; (ii) evaluate the modified model in simulating actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture, and surface runoff at regional or watershed scales; and (iii) gain insight into the ability of both the original and modified model to simulate large spatial scale land surface hydrology. To achieve these objectives, we introduce the "LPJ-hydrology" (LH) model which incorporates satellite-based data into the Lund-Potsdam-Jena (LPJ) DGVM. To evaluate the model we ran LH using historical (1981–2006) climate data and satellite-based land covers at 2.5 arc-min grid cells for the conterminous US and for the entire world using coarser climate and land cover data. We evaluated the simulated ET, soil moisture, and surface runoff using a set of observed or simulated data at different spatial scales. Our results demonstrate that spatial patterns of LH-simulated annual ET and surface runoff are in accordance with previously published data for the US; LH-modeled monthly stream flow for 12 major rivers in the US was consistent with observed values respectively during the years 1981–2006 (R2 > 0.46, p < 0.01; Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient > 0.52). The modeled mean annual discharges for 10 major rivers worldwide also agreed well (differences < 15%) with observed values for these rivers. Compared to a degree-day method for snowmelt computation, the addition of the solar radiation effect on snowmelt enabled LH to better simulate monthly stream flow in winter and early spring for rivers located at mid-to-high latitudes. In addition, LH-modeled monthly soil moisture for the state of Illinois (US) agreed well (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) with observed data for the years 1984–2001. Overall, this study justifies both the feasibility of incorporating satellite-based land covers into a DGVM and the reliability of LH to simulate land-surface water balances. To better estimate surface/river runoff at mid-to-high latitudes, we recommended that LPJ-DGVM considers the effects of solar radiation on snowmelt.

scholarly journals Study on Variation of Surface Runoff and Soil Moisture Content in the Subgrade of Permeable Pavement Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lijun Hou ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Fengchun Shen ◽  
Ming Lei ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Flood Peak

The self-designed indoor simulated rainfall device was used to rain on five types of pavement structures with 4 types of rainfall intensity (2.5 mm/min, 3.4 mm/min, 4.6 mm/min, and 5.5 mm/min). The effect of rainfall intensity on the surface runoff, the relation between the subgrade soil moisture content changes, and the influence of initial soil water content on rain infiltration rate are studied. The test results show that the surface runoff coefficient of densely asphalted pavement is greater than 90% in drainage pavements and it has little influence on the reducing and hysteresis of the flood peak. The surface runoff coefficient of large-void asphalt pavement (permeable) is less than 40%. Although the large-void asphalt pavement (permeable) can reduce a small amount of surface runoff, it has no obvious effect on the reduction and hysteresis of the flood peak. In semipermeable pavement, with the increasing of the thickness of base (graded gravel), the surface runoff coefficient decreases at different rainfall intensities, parts of the surface runoff are reduced, and the arrival of flood peaks is delayed. In permeable roads, almost no surface runoff occurred. As time continued, the soil moisture content quickly reached a saturated state and presented a stable infiltration situation under the action of gravity and the gradient of soil water suction. As the initial moisture content increases, the initial infiltration rate decreases and the time to reach a stable infiltration rate becomes shorter. The drier the soil, the greater the initial infiltration rate and the higher the soil moisture content after infiltration stabilization. Permeable roads can greatly alleviate the pressure of urban drainage and reduce the risk of storms and floods.

The effect of soil moisture extremes on the pathways and forms of phosphorus lost in runoff from two contrasting soil types

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Simmonds ◽  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
L. M. Condron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Excess Surface ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
Penetration Time

Soil moisture and Olsen P concentrations play an important role in phosphorus (P) losses in runoff. Under moisture-rich anaerobic conditions, the reduction of Fe-oxides dissolves P from the soil into solution that may be available for loss by transport processes. Under very dry conditions, soil hydrophobicity induced by soil organic C can exacerbate infiltration-excess surface flow and soil erosion. Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) rainfall applied to a dry soil would cause greater particulate P losses in surface runoff due to hydrophobicity; (2) P losses from a wet soil would be dominated by drainage and filtered P; and (3) both runoff processes would result in environmentally unacceptable P losses at agronomically productive Olsen P concentrations depending on the sorption capacity (anion storage capacity; ASC) of the soil. Superphosphate was added to a Brown and Organic soil (Olsen P initially 7 and 13mgL–1 respectively) to create a range of Olsen P concentrations. Soils were placed in boxes, soil moisture adjusted (<10% or 90% available water holding capacity) and artificial rainfall applied at a rate equivalent to a storm event (5-year return interval; 30–35mmh–1) and surface runoff and drainage collected. Surface runoff was measured as infiltration-excess surface flow from dry Organic soil (water drop penetration time >3600s), and as saturation-excess surface flow from the wet Brown soil (water drop penetration time <5s). Total P (TP) concentrations in surface flow from both soils increased linearly with Olsen P concentration. Compared with dry Organic soil, the wet Brown soil lost a greater proportion of TP as particulate via surface runoff. However, due to the high hydraulic conductivity and low ASC, the most important pathway for the Organic soil, wet or dry, was filtered P loss in drainage. These data can be used to more effectively target strategies to mitigate P losses.

An Experimental Study on the Rainfall-Runoff Progress of Wheat under Different Slope Angle

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 1986-1994
Author(s):  
Na Na Zhao ◽  
Fu Liang Yu ◽  
Chuan Zhe Li ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Determination Coefficient ◽  
Initial Soil

Rainfall-runoff process plays an important role in hydrological cycle, and the study on the rainfall-runoff will provide foundation and basis for research on basin hydrology and flood forecasting. In this paper, the surface runoff and subsurface flow of wheat were observed in the laboratory by artificial rainfall, and analyzed the cumulated surface runoff and recession process of subsurface flow by regression analysis. In addition, the factors affected the runoff and response of soil moisture on the runoff coefficients was also discussed. Results showed that the rainfall intensity, soil coverage and slope had important influence on the surface runoff generation, and the surface runoff was observed when the total rainfall amount exceeded 32mm and 13mm for 5°and 15° slope respectively. The cumulative surface runoff could be expressed as a power function, which had higher determination coefficient R2 (0.92~0.999). The subsurface flow was only observed at the ripening period and wheat stubble treatment, and mainly affected by slope angle and initial soil moisture, whereas rainfall intensity showed little impact. The recession curve of subsurface flow can be described as a simple exponential expression or power function, which the determination coefficient was 0.88 and 0.94 by regression analysis, respectively. Moreover, there was an obvious threshold (approximately 30%) between the average initial soil moisture and runoff coefficients, which the runoff increased significantly as above the threshold.

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