The geological significance of novel anthropogenic materials: Deposits of industrial waste and by-products

The use of industrial waste and/or by-products as alternative sources of raw materials in building materials has become standard practice. The result, more sustainable construction, is contributing to the institution of a circular economy. Nonetheless, all necessary precautions must be taken to ensure that the inclusion and use of such materials entail no new health hazard for people or their environment. Due to the processes involved in generating industrial waste/by-products, these alternative or secondary materials may be contaminated with heavy metals, other undesirable chemicals or high levels of natural radioactivity that may constrain their use. In-depth and realistic research on such industrial waste is consequently requisite to its deployment in building materials. This paper reviews the basic concepts associated with radioactivity and natural radioactivity, focusing on industrial waste/by-products comprising Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) used in cement and concrete manufacture. Updated radiological data are furnished on such waste (including plant fly ash, iron and steel mill slag, bauxite and phosphogypsum waste) and on other materials such as limestone, gypsum and so on. The paper also presents recent findings on radionuclide activity concentrations in Portland cements and concretes not bearing NORMs. The role of natural aggregate in end concrete radiological behaviour is broached. The radiological behaviour of alternative non-portland cements and concretes, such as alkali-activated materials and geopolymers, is also addressed.

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Identification of Antioxidant Peptides in Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Skin Gelatin

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24010097 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Joanna Tkaczewska ◽

Michal Bukowski ◽

Paweł Mak

Keyword(s):

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Enzymatic Digestion ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Antioxidant Peptides ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

By Products

The protein by-products from carp (Cyprinus carpio) are normally discarded as industrial waste during fish processing. The objective of this study was to identify and characterise the peptides with a potential antioxidant activity that are released from carp skin proteins during hydrolysis by the Protamex enzyme mixture. This study shows that a hydrolysate of carp skin gelatin and its reversed-phase chromatography fractions have strong in vitro antioxidant properties. Among these fractions, the alanine-tyrosine (Ala-Tyr) dipeptide was identified as the major compound with high antioxidant potential. The peptide has good stability during in vitro enzymatic digestion assay and can inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). In conclusion, our study proves that both the unfractionated hydrolysate of carp skin gelatin and the above-mentioned Ala-Tyr dipeptide represents attractive novel compounds for the formulation of antioxidant foods.

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Discussion of “Enhancement of the Shear Strength of Wastewater Residuals Using Industrial Waste By-Products” by C. Kayser, T. Larkin, and N. Singhal

Journal of Environmental Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000608 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 312-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Brendan C. O’Kelly

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

By Products

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Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 873

Author(s):

Numanuddin M. Azad ◽

S.M. Samindi M.K. Samarakoon

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Blast Furnace ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Blast Furnace Slag ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Cement Concrete ◽

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽

Geopolymer Cement ◽

Furnace Slag ◽

By Products

There has been a significant movement in the past decades to develop alternative sustainable building material such as geopolymer cement/concrete to control CO2 emission. Industrial waste contains pozzolanic minerals that fulfil requirements to develop the sustainable material such as alumino-silicate based geopolymer. For example, industrial waste such as red mud, fly ash, GBFS/GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag/ground granulated blast furnace slag), rice husk ash (RHA), and bagasse ash consist of minerals that contribute to the manufacturing of geopolymer cement/concrete. A literature review was carried out to study the different industrial waste/by-products and their chemical composition, which is vital for producing geopolymer cement, and to discuss the mechanical properties of geopolymer cement/concrete manufactured using different industrial waste/by-products. The durability, financial benefits and sustainability aspects of geopolymer cement/concrete have been highlighted. As per the experimental results from the literature, the cited industrial waste has been successfully utilized for the synthesis of dry or wet geopolymers. The review revealed that that the use of fly ash, GBFS/GGBS and RHA in geopolymer concrete resulted high compressive strength (i.e., 50 MPa–70 MPa). For high strength (>70 MPa) achievement, most of the slag and ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete in synergy with nano processed waste have shown good mechanical properties and environmental resistant. The alkali-activated geopolymer slag, red mud and fly ash based geopolymer binders give a better durability performance compared with other industrial waste. Based on the sustainability indicators, most of the geopolymers developed using the industrial waste have a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.

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CHITIN- AND CHITOSAN BIOSORBENTS FROM CITRIC A CID MYCELIAL INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Food systems ◽

10.21323/2618-9771-2018-1-2-55-62 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 55-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. V. Novinyuk ◽

D. K. Kulyov ◽

I. V. Negrutsa ◽

P. Z. Velinzon

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Sorption Isotherms ◽

Test Results ◽

Coordination Bonds ◽

Chitin And Chitosan ◽

By Products ◽

Better Than

The goal of this study is to examine sorption capacity of chitin-glucan (ChGC) and chitosan-glucan (CsGC) biopolymer complexes extracted from the fungus Aspergillus niger mycelium. According to the findings chitosanglucan complex sorbs lead and copper ions (130–140 mg/g) better than chitin-glucan complex (50–80 ex mg/g). Langmuir theoretical model with R2= 0,996 determination coefficient well describe sorption isotherms. It is shown the chelate complex formation compound character based on ion and coordination bonds by chitin and chitosan biopolymers is more complex. According to test results the production of chitin and chitosan containing biopolymers from citric acid production mycelium by-products has a good future. The above biopolymers have a functional use. Besides of that they sorbs heavy metals and radionuclide ions.

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Single Cell Oil Production from Waste Biomass: Review of Applicable Industrial By-Products

Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/rtuect-2019-0071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 325-337

Author(s):

Kriss Spalvins ◽

Ilze Vamza ◽

Dagnija Blumberga

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Production Costs ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Single Cell Oil ◽

Waste Products ◽

By Products

Abstract Single cell oil (SCO) is an attractive alternative source of oil, which, depending on the fatty acid composition, can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production, as an ingredient for pharmaceuticals or as a source of essential fatty acids for human and animal consumption. However, the use of SCO is limited due to use of relatively expensive food or feed products in the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. In order to reduce SCO production costs, the use of cheaper feedstock such as biodegradable agro-industrial wastes are necessary. At the same time, the microbial treatment of biodegradable wastes ensures the neutralization of environmentally harmful compounds and reduces the negative impact on the environment. Oleaginous microorganisms are capable of fermenting a variety of industrial by-products, waste products and wastewaters, however further discussion on properties of the waste materials is necessary to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate waste materials for SCO production. Thus, this review compares various industrial waste products that can be used as cheap feedstock for the cultivation of SCO producing microorganisms. Industrial waste products, by-products and wastewaters are compared according to their global availability, current use in competing industries, required pre-fermentation treatments, oleaginous microorganism cell concentrations and SCO yields.

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