Absence of zoonotic parasites in salmonid aquaculture in Denmark: Causes and consequences

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

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Bioinformatics Approach to Mitigate Mislabeling in EU Seafood Market and Protect Consumer Health

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18147497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (14) ◽

pp. 7497

Author(s):

Gabriella Vindigni ◽

Alfredo Pulvirenti ◽

Salvatore Alaimo ◽

Clara Monaco ◽

Daniela Spina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Barcoding ◽

Value Chain ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Consumer Information ◽

Fish Market ◽

Fishery Policy ◽

Fisheries Policy ◽

Consumer Interests ◽

Zoonotic Parasites

Fisheries products are some of the most traded commodities world-wide and the potential for fraud is a serious concern. Fish fraud represents a threat to human health and poses serious concerns due to the consumption of toxins, highly allergenic species, contaminates or zoonotic parasites, which may be present in substituted fish. The substitution of more expensive fish by cheaper species, with similar morphological characteristics but different origins, reflects the need for greater transparency and traceability upon which which the security of the entire seafood value-chain depends. Even though EU regulations have made significant progress in consumer information by stringent labelling requirements, fraud is still widespread. Many molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding provide valuable support to enhance the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in the protection of consumer interests by unequivocally detecting any kind of fraud. This paper aims to highlight both the engagement of EU fishery policy and the opportunity offered by new biotechnology instruments to mitigate the growing fraud in the globalized fish market and to enforce the food security system to protect consumers’ health. In this paper, after a presentation of EU rules on fish labeling and a general overview on the current state of the global fish market, we discuss the public health implications and the opportunities offered by several techniques based on genetics, reporting a case study to show the efficacy of the DNA barcoding methodology in assessing fish traceability and identification, comparing different species of the Epinephelus genus, Mottled Grouper (Mycteroperca rubra) and Wreckfish (Polyprion americanus), often improperly sold with the commercial name of “grouper”.

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Urban public squares as potential hotspots of dog-human contact: A spatial analysis of zoonotic parasites detection in Gran Santiago, Chile

Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports ◽

10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 100579

Author(s):

Raúl Alegría-Morán ◽

Álvaro Pastenes ◽

Gonzalo Cabrera ◽

Fernando Fredes ◽

Galia Ramírez-Toloza

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Human Contact ◽

Zoonotic Parasites

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Occurrence of parasites of the genus Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in fish caught in Trasimeno lake, Italy

Italian Journal of Food Safety ◽

10.4081/ijfs.2016.6130 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Raffaella Branciari ◽

David Ranucci ◽

Dino Miraglia ◽

Andrea Valiani ◽

Fabrizia Veronesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Perca Fluviatilis ◽

Tinca Tinca ◽

European Perch ◽

Black Bass ◽

Zoonotic Parasites ◽

Edible Fish

Eustrongylides spp. is considered a freshwater fish zoonotic nematode. In the present study, the prevalence of Eustrongylides spp. in six edible fish (European perch - Perca fluviatilis, goldfish - Carassius auratus, largemouth black bass - Micropterus salmoides, tench- Tinca tinca, carp - Cyprinus carpio and sand smelt - Atherina boyeri) of Trasimeno lake was surveyed. The investigations were conducted from October 2014 to September 2015 and 384 specimens per species for each season were caught in Trasimeno lake and examined for the presence of larvae in the abdominal cavity and muscle. The presence of nematodes in the abdominal cavity and musculature was revealed in three fish species. The prevalence of Eustrongylides spp. infection was 6.84, 1.89 and 0.13% in perch, largemouth black bass and sand smelt, respectively. The number of parasites per fish was only one in largemouth black bass and sand smelt and ranged from one up to three in perch. This study states that the European perch, largemouth black bass and sand smelt of Trasimeno lake are infected with zoonotic parasites; therefore, food business operators have to take appropriate measures to guarantee the health of consumers.

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Treatment of Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis in Farm Ruminants: State of Knowledge and Future Trends

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026618666181002113617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 1304-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez ◽

Patricia Vázquez ◽

Ignacio Ferre ◽

Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Neospora Caninum ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Current Status ◽

Caninum Infection ◽

Zoonotic Parasites ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are closely related protozoan diseases that lead to important economic impacts in farm ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii infection mainly causes reproductive failure in small ruminants and is a widespread zoonosis, whereas Neospora caninum infection is one of the most important causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. Vaccination has been considered the most economic measure for controlling these diseases. However, despite vaccine development efforts, only a liveattenuated T. gondii vaccine has been licensed for veterinary use, and no promising vaccines against neosporosis have been developed; therefore, vaccine development remains a key goal. Additionally, drug therapy could be a valuable strategy for disease control in farm ruminants, as several drugs that limit T. gondii and N. caninum proliferation and dissemination have been evaluated. This approach may also be relevant to performing an initial drug screening for potential human therapy for zoonotic parasites. Treatments can be applied against infections in adult ruminants to minimize the outcomes of a primo-infection or the reactivation of a chronic infection during gestation or in newborn ruminants to avoid infection chronification. In this review, the current status of drug development against toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in farm ruminants is presented, and in an effort to promote additional treatment options, prospective drugs that have shown efficacy in vitro and in laboratory animal models of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are examined.

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Fishborne zoonotic parasites

Safety and Quality Issues in Fish Processing ◽

10.1201/9781439823170.ch8 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

K Murrell

Keyword(s):

Zoonotic Parasites

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Negligible risk of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in farmed fish from European mariculture, 2016 to 2018

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.2.1900717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Letizia Fioravanti ◽

Andrea Gustinelli ◽

George Rigos ◽

Kurt Buchmann ◽

Monica Caffara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Fish Parasites ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Eu Regulation ◽

Zoonotic Risk ◽

Freezing Treatment ◽

Zoonotic Parasites ◽

Anisakid Larvae

Background The increasing demand for raw or undercooked fish products, supplied by both aquaculture and fisheries, raises concerns about the transmission risk to humans of zoonotic fish parasites. This has led to the current European Union (EU) Regulation No 1276/2011 amending Annex III of Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 and mandating a freezing treatment of such products. Zoonotic parasites, particularly anisakid larvae, have been well documented in wild fish. Data on their presence in European aquaculture products, however, are still scarce, except for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), where the zoonotic risk was assessed as negligible, exempting it from freezing treatment. Aim To evaluate the zoonotic Anisakidae parasite risk in European farmed marine fish other than Atlantic salmon. Methods From 2016 to 2018 an observational parasitological survey was undertaken on 6,549 farmed fish including 2,753 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), 2,761 European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and 1,035 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) from 14 farms in Italy, Spain and Greece. Furthermore, 200 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sea-caged in Denmark, as well as 352 seabream and 290 seabass imported in Italy and Spain from other countries were examined. Fish were subjected to visual inspection and candling. Fresh visceral organs/fillet samples were artificially digested or UV pressed and visually examined for zoonotic anisakid larvae. Results No zoonotic parasites were found in any of the fish investigated. Conclusions The risk linked to zoonotic Anisakidae in the examined fish species from European mariculture appears negligible. This study laid the groundwork for considerations to amend the current EU regulation.

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