The impact of different background errors in the assimilation of satellite radiances and in-situ observational data using WRFDA for three rainfall events over Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-447
Author(s):  
Zeinab Zakeri ◽  
Majid Azadi ◽  
Sarmad Ghader
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The importance of city trees for reducing net rainfall: comparing measurements and simulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 3865-3884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Smets ◽  
Charlotte Wirion ◽  
Willy Bauwens ◽  
Martin Hermy ◽  
Ben Somers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Hydrological Balance ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. An in situ tree interception experiment was conducted to determine the hydrological impact of a solitary standing Norway maple and a small-leaved lime in an urban environment. During the 2-year experiment, rainfall data were collected and divided into interception, throughfall and stemflow. With approximately 38 % of the gross precipitation intercepted by both trees, the interception storage was higher than for similar studies carried out in Mediterranean regions. The specialized forest interception models from Gash (first published in 1978) and Rutter (first published in 1971), as well as an adapted solitary tree version of the Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere model (WetSpa), were tested for their accuracy in modeling the measured interception storage. The models generally overestimated interception storage for small interception events (< interception storage) and underestimated interception storage for bigger interception events (> interception storage). Gash's method slightly outperformed WetSpa and Rutter for all events throughout seasons and trees. However, WetSpa showed better performance for rainfall events > 10 mm. The similar performance of WetSpa and the Gash and Rutter models is noteworthy because the WetSpa interception model is part of a larger modeling framework that models the whole hydrological balance, whereas the Gash and Rutter methods are specialized stand-alone interception models. Thus, WetSpa is recommended to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of city trees on the full hydrological balance. This study emphasizes the potential effect of city trees on the whole hydrological balance via a combination of field data and simulation experiments using both specialized interception models (Gash and Rutter) and the relatively simple interception module of a holistic water balance model (WetSpa).

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: guiding the evolution of the observing system for the carbon cycle through quantitative network design

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 4755-4766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kaminski ◽  
Peter Julian Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Network Design ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Independent Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Various observational data streams have been shown to provide valuable constraints on the state and evolution of the global carbon cycle. These observations have the potential to reduce uncertainties in past, current, and predicted natural and anthropogenic surface fluxes. In particular such observations provide independent information for verification of actions as requested by the Paris Agreement. It is, however, difficult to decide which variables to sample, and how, where, and when to sample them, in order to achieve an optimal use of the observational capabilities. Quantitative network design (QND) assesses the impact of a given set of existing or hypothetical observations in a modelling framework. QND has been used to optimise in situ networks and assess the benefit to be expected from planned space missions. This paper describes recent progress and highlights aspects that are not yet sufficiently addressed. It demonstrates the advantage of an integrated QND system that can simultaneously evaluate a multitude of observational data streams and assess their complementarity and redundancy.

scholarly journals Assisting the Evolution of the Observing System for the Carbon Cycle through Quantitative Network Design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kaminski ◽  
Peter Julian Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Network Design ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Various observational data streams have been shown to provide valuable constraints on the state and evolution of the global carbon cycle. It is, however, difficult to decide which variables to sample how, where and when in order to achieve an optimal use of the observational capabilities. Quantitative Network Design (QND) assesses the impact of a given set of existing or hypothetical observations in a modelling framework. QND has been used to optimise in situ networks and assess the benefit from planned space missions. This paper describes recent progress and points at aspects that are not yet sufficiently addressed. It demonstrates the advantage of an integrated QND system that can simultaneously evaluate a multitude of observational data streams and assess their complementarity and redundancy.

In situ Quantification of the Impact of Episodic Enhanced Turbulent Events in Large Phytoplankton

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy L. Donaghay ◽  
Jan Rines ◽  
James Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
The Impact

scholarly journals Soil Moisture Dynamics in Response to Precipitation and Thinning in a Semi-Dry Forest in Northern Mexico

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Argelia E. Rascón-Ramos ◽  
Martín Martínez-Salvador ◽  
Gabriel Sosa-Pérez ◽  
Federico Villarreal-Guerrero ◽  
Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moisture Dynamics

Understanding soil moisture behavior in semi-dry forests is essential for evaluating the impact of forest management on water availability. The objective of the study was to analyze soil moisture based in storm observations in three micro-catchments (0.19, 0.20, and 0.27 ha) with similar tree densities, and subject to different thinning intensities in a semi-dry forest in Chihuahua, Mexico. Vegetation, soil characteristics, precipitation, and volumetric water content were measured before thinning (2018), and after 0%, 40%, and 80% thinning for each micro-catchment (2019). Soil moisture was low and relatively similar among the three micro-catchments in 2018 (mean = 8.5%), and only large rainfall events (>30 mm) increased soil moisture significantly (29–52%). After thinning, soil moisture was higher and significantly different among the micro-catchments only during small rainfall events (<10 mm), while a difference was not noted during large events. The difference before–after during small rainfall events was not significant for the control (0% thinning); whereas 40% and 80% thinning increased soil moisture significantly by 40% and 53%, respectively. Knowledge of the response of soil moisture as a result of thinning and rainfall characteristics has important implications, especially for evaluating the impact of forest management on water availability.

Bayesian analysis reveals the impact of load partitioning on microstructural evolution in Ti-6Al-4V during in-situ tensile loading

Materialia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 100993
Author(s):  
N. Armstrong ◽  
P.A. Lynch ◽  
P. Cizek ◽  
S.R. Kada ◽  
S. Slater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Solid-Phase Extraction Embedded Dialysis (SPEED), an Innovative Procedure for the Investigation of Microbial Specialized Metabolites

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Phuong-Y Mai ◽  
Géraldine Le Goff ◽  
Erwan Poupon ◽  
Philippe Lopes ◽  
Xavier Moppert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Streptomyces Albidoflavus ◽  
Cultivation Process ◽  
The Impact

Solid-phase extraction embedded dialysis (SPEED technology) is an innovative procedure developed to physically separate in-situ, during the cultivation, the mycelium of filament forming microorganisms, such as actinomycetes and fungi, and the XAD-16 resin used to trap the secreted specialized metabolites. SPEED consists of an external nylon cloth and an internal dialysis tube containing the XAD resin. The dialysis barrier selects the molecular weight of the trapped compounds, and prevents the aggregation of biomass or macromolecules on the XAD beads. The external nylon promotes the formation of a microbial biofilm, making SPEED a biofilm supported cultivation process. SPEED technology was applied to the marine Streptomyces albidoflavus 19-S21, isolated from a core of a submerged Kopara sampled at 20 m from the border of a saltwater pond. The chemical space of this strain was investigated effectively using a dereplication strategy based on molecular networking and in-depth chemical analysis. The results highlight the impact of culture support on the molecular profile of Streptomyces albidoflavus 19-S21 secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Morphology and crystallization kinetics of Rubber-modified Nylon 6 Prepared by Anionic In-situ Polymerization

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-215
Author(s):  
Hongkai Zhao ◽  
Dengchao Zhang ◽  
Yingshuang Li
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Kinetics ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Good Description ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Avrami Equation ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Chain Segment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractIn this work, we modified nylon 6 with liquid rubber by in-situ polymerization. The infrared analysis suggested that HDI urea diketone is successfully blocked by caprolactam after grafting on hydroxyl of HTPB, and the rubber-modified nylon copolymer is generated by the anionic polymerization. The impact section analysis indicated the rubber-modified nylon 6 resin exhibited an alpha crystal form.With an increase in the rubber content, nylon 6 was more likely to generate stable α crystal. Avrami equation was a good description of the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of nylon-6 and rubber-modified nylon-6 resin. Moreover, it is found that the initial crystallization temperature of nylon-6 chain segment decreased due to the flexible rubber chain segment. n value of rubber-modified nylon-6 indicated that its growth was the coexistence of two-dimensional discoid and three-dimensional spherulite growth. Finally, the addition of the rubber accelerated the crystallization rate of nylon 6.

scholarly journals Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Landslide Distribution Based on Land Disturbance in Southern Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Chih-Ming Tseng ◽  
Yie-Ruey Chen ◽  
Chwen-Ming Chang ◽  
Yung-Sheng Chue ◽  
Shun-Chieh Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Image ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Land Disturbance ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Landslide Distribution ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the impact of rainfall on the followed-up landslides after a severe typhoon and the relationship between various rainfall events and the occurrence, scale, and regional characteristics of the landslides, including second landslides. Moreover, the influence of land disturbance was evaluated. The genetic adaptive neural network was used in combination with the texture analysis of the geographic information system for satellite image classification and interpretation to analyze land-use change and retrieve disaster records and surface information after five rainfall events from Typhoon Morakot (2009) to Typhoon Nanmadol (2011). The results revealed that except for extreme Morakot rains, the greater the degree of slope disturbance after rain, the larger the exposed slope. Extreme rainfall similar to Morakot strikes may have a greater impact on the bare land area than on slope disturbance. Moreover, the relationship between the bare land area and the index of land disturbance condition (ILDC) is positive, and the ratio of the bare land area to the quantity of bare land after each rainfall increases with the ILDC. With higher effective accumulative rainfall on the slope in the study area or greater slope disturbance, the landslide area at the second landslide point tended to increase.

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