Effects of long-term magnesium supplementation on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in overweight/obese adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial

ABSTRACT Background Observational studies have linked low vitamin D status to unfavorable cardiometabolic risk markers, but double-blinded vitamin D intervention studies in children are scarce. Objectives The aim was to evaluate the effect of different doses of a vitamin D supplement on cardiometabolic risk markers in young healthy Swedish children with fair and dark skin. Methods Cardiometabolic risk markers were analyzed as secondary outcomes of a double-blind, randomized, milk-based vitamin D intervention trial conducted during late fall and winter in 2 areas of Sweden (latitude 63°N and 55°N, respectively) in both fair- and dark-skinned 5- to 7-y-old children. During the 3-mo intervention, 206 children were randomly assigned to a daily milk-based vitamin D3 supplement of either 10 or 25 µg or placebo (2 µg; only at 55°N). Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, apoB, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed and non–HDL cholesterol calculated at baseline and after the intervention. Results At baseline, serum 25(OH)D was negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.194; 95% CI: −0.153, −0.013; and β = −0.187; 95% CI: −0.150, −0.011, respectively). At follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in any of the cardiometabolic markers between groups. Conclusions We could not confirm any effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipids, blood pressure, or CRP in healthy 5- to 7-y-old children. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01741324).

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A Whole-Diet Approach Affects Not Only Fasting but Also Postprandial Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (11) ◽

pp. 2942-2949

Author(s):

Eva Fechner ◽

Lena Bilet ◽

Harry P F Peters ◽

Patrick Schrauwen ◽

Ronald P Mensink

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Apolipoprotein A1 ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Fatty Fish ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Apolipoprotein B48 ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

ABSTRACT Background Current dietary recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention focus more on dietary patterns than on single nutrients. However, randomized controlled trials using whole-diet approaches to study effects on both fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers are limited. Objective This randomized parallel trial compared the effects of a healthy diet (HD) with those of a typical Western diet (WD) on fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Methods After a 2-wk run-in period, 40 men and women (50–70 y; BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) consumed the HD (high in fruit and vegetables, pulses, fibers, nuts, fatty fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids; low in salt and high-glycemic carbohydrates; n = 19) or the WD (less fruit, vegetables, and fibers; no nuts and fatty fish; and more saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates; n = 21) for 6 wk. Fasting and postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed as secondary outcome parameters during a 5-h mixed-meal challenge, and a per protocol analysis was performed using 1-factor ANCOVA or linear mixed models. Results Differences in diet-induced changes are expressed relative to the HD group. Changes in fasting plasma total cholesterol (–0.57 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (–0.41 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.01), apolipoprotein B100 (–0.09 ± 0.03 g/L, P < 0.01), and apolipoprotein A1 (–0.06 ± 0.03 g/L, P = 0.05) were significantly different between the diet groups. Changes in postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (diet × time, P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein B48 (P < 0.01) differed significantly between the groups with clear improvements on the HD, although fasting triacylglycerols (–0.24 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P = 0.06) and apolipoprotein B48 (1.04 ± 0.67 mg/L, P = 0.40) did not. Significant differences between the diets were also detected in fasting systolic (–6.9 ± 3.1 mmHg, P < 0.05) and 24-h systolic (–5.0 ± 1.7 mmHg, P < 0.01) and diastolic (–3.3 ± 1.1 mmHg, P < 0.01) blood pressure. Conclusion A whole-diet approach targeted multiple fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults. In fact, the postprandial measurements provided important additional information to estimate CVD risk. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02519127.

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Cardiometabolic risk improvement in response to a 3-yr lifestyle modification program in men: contribution of improved cardiorespiratory fitness vs. weight loss

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00278.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 312 (4) ◽

pp. E273-E281 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Anne-Laure Borel ◽

Julie-Anne Nazare ◽

Aurélie Baillot ◽

Natalie Alméras ◽

Angelo Tremblay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Matsuda Index ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers ◽

Subcutaneous Adiposity

Our objective was to examine the respective contributions of changes in visceral adiposity, subcutaneous adiposity, liver fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to the improvements in cardiometabolic risk markers in response to a 3-yr healthy eating/physical activity lifestyle intervention. Ninety-four out of 144 viscerally obese healthy men completed a 3-yr lifestyle intervention. Body weight, body composition, and fat distribution were assessed by anthropometry and DEXA/computed tomography. CRF, adipokines, lipoprotein/lipid profile, and 75 g of oral glucose tolerance were assessed. CRF and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity significantly improved over the 3-yr intervention, with a nadir in year 1 and a partial regain in year 3. Liver fat (estimated by insulin hepatic extraction) stabilized from year 1 to year 3, whereas HOMA-IR, ISI-Matsuda index, and adiponectin continued to improve. Multivariate analysis revealed that both visceral adiposity and estimated liver fat reductions contributed to the improved ISI-Matsuda index observed over 3 yr ( r2= 0.28, P < 0.001). Three-year changes in fat mass and CRF were independently associated with changes in visceral fat (adjusted r2= 0.40, P < 0.001), whereas only changes in CRF were associated with changes in estimated liver fat (adjusted r2= 0.18, P < 0.001). A long-term (3 yr) healthy eating/physical activity intervention in men improves several cardiometabolic risk markers over the long term (3 yr) despite a partial body weight regain observed between year 1 and year 3. The improvement in CRF contributes to visceral and estimated liver fat losses over the long term, which in turn explain the benefits of the lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk profile.

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