Total and size-resolved particle number and black carbon concentrations in urban areas near Schiphol airport (the Netherlands)

2015 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 132-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Keuken ◽  
M. Moerman ◽  
P. Zandveld ◽  
J.S. Henzing ◽  
G. Hoek
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

scholarly journals Effect of Reducing Ambient Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-832
Author(s):  
Neelakshi Hudda ◽  
Misha Eliasziw ◽  
Scott O. Hersey ◽  
Ellin Reisner ◽  
Robert D. Brook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) may contribute to increased prevalence of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP) for residents of near-highway neighborhoods. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of reducing TRAP exposure on short-term changes in BP. We assessed whether reducing indoor TRAP concentrations by using stand-alone high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filters and limiting infiltration through doors and windows effectively prevented acute (ie, over a span of hours) increases in BP. Using a 3-period crossover design, 77 participants were randomized to attend three 2-hour-long exposure sessions separated by 1-week washout periods. Each participant was exposed to high, medium, and low TRAP concentrations in a room near an interstate highway. Particle number concentrations, black carbon concentrations, and temperature were monitored continuously. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, and heart rate were measured every 10 minutes. Outcomes were analyzed with a linear mixed model. The primary outcome was the change in SBP from 20 minutes from the start of exposure. SBP increased with exposure duration, and the amount of increase was related to the magnitude of exposure. The mean change in SBP was 0.6 mm Hg for low exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 2500 particles/cm 3 and 149 ng/m 3 ), 1.3 mm Hg for medium exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 11 000 particles/cm 3 and 409 ng/m 3 ), and 2.8 mm Hg for high exposure (mean particle number and black carbon concentrations, 30 000 particles/cm 3 and 826 ng/m 3 ; linear trend P =0.019). There were no statistically significant differences in the secondary outcomes, diastolic BP, or heart rate. In conclusion, reducing indoor concentrations of TRAP was effective in preventing acute increases in SBP.

scholarly journals Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean Urban Conditions: An Assessment Based on Integrated Stationary and Mobile Observations

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareq Hussein ◽  
Shatha Saleh ◽  
Vanessa dos Santos ◽  
Huthaifah Abdullah ◽  
Brandon Boor
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
City Center ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Micron Particle ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Urban Conditions

There is a paucity of comprehensive air quality data from urban areas in the Middle East. In this study, portable instrumentation was used to measure size-fractioned aerosol number, mass, and black carbon concentrations in Amman and Zarqa, Jordan. Submicron particle number concentrations at stationary urban background sites in Amman and Zarqa exhibited a characteristic diurnal pattern, with the highest concentrations during traffic rush hours (2–5 × 104 cm−3 in Amman and 2–7 × 104 cm−3 in Zarqa). Super-micron particle number concentrations varied considerably in Amman (1–10 cm−3). Mobile measurements identified spatial variations and local hotspots in aerosol levels within both cities. Walking paths around the University of Jordan campus showed increasing concentrations with proximity to main roads with mean values of 8 × 104 cm−3, 87 µg/m3, 62 µg/m3, and 7.7 µg/m3 for submicron, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon (BC), respectively. Walking paths in the Amman city center showed moderately high concentrations (mean 105 cm−3, 120 µg/m3, 85 µg/m3, and 8.1 µg/m3 for submicron aerosols, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon, respectively). Similar levels were found along walking paths in the Zarqa city center. On-road measurements showed high submicron concentrations (>105 cm−3). The lowest submicron concentration (<104 cm−3) was observed near a remote site outside of the cities.

scholarly journals Decreasing Trends of Particle Number and Black Carbon Mass Concentrations at 16 Observational Sites in Germany from 2009 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Sun ◽  
Wolfram Birmili ◽  
Markus Hermann ◽  
Thomas Tuch ◽  
Kay Weinhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Policies ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions are a dominant contributor to air pollution. Consequently, mitigation policies have attempted to reduce anthropogenic pollution emissions in Europe since the 1990s. To evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation policies, the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) was established in 2008, focusing on black carbon and sub-micrometer aerosol particles, especially ultrafine particles. In this investigation, trends of the size-resolved particle number concentrations (PNC) and the equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration over a 10-year period (2009–2018) were evaluated for 16 observational sites for different environments among GUAN. The trend analysis was done for both, the full-length time series and on subsets of the time series in order to test the reliability of the results. The results show generally decreasing trends of both, the PNCs for all size ranges as well as eBC mass concentrations in all environments, except PNC in 10–30 nm at regional background and mountain sites. The annual slope of the eBC mass concentration varies between −7.7 % and −1.8 % per year. The slopes of the PNCs varies from −6.3 % to 2.7 %, −7.0 % to −2.0 %, and −9.5 % to −1.5 % per year (only significant trends) for 10–30 nm, 30–200 nm, and 200–800 nm particle diameter, respectively. The regional Mann-Kendall test yielded regional-scale trends of eBC mass concentration, N[30–200] and N[200–800] of −3.8 %, −2.0 % and −2.4 %, respectively, indicating an overall decreasing trend for eBC mass concentration and sub-micrometer PNC (except N[10–30]) all over Germany. The most significant decrease was observed on working days and during daytime in urban areas, which implies a strong evidence of reduced anthropogenic emissions. For the seasonal trends, stronger reductions were observed in winter. Possible reasons for this reduction can be the increased average ambient temperatures and wind speed in winter, which resulted in less domestic heating and stronger dilution. In addition, decreased precipitation in summer also diminishes the decrease of the PNCs and eBC mass concentration. For the period of interest, there were no significant changes in long-range transport patterns. The most likely factors for the observed decreasing trends are declining anthropogenic emissions due to emission mitigation policies of the European Union.

Total and size-resolved particle number and black carbon concentrations near an industrial area

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 196-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Keuken ◽  
M. Moerman ◽  
P. Zandveld ◽  
J.S. Henzing
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Combined land-use and street view image model for estimating black carbon concentrations in urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 118719
Author(s):  
Xiansheng Liu ◽  
Hadiatullah Hadiatullah ◽  
Xun Zhang ◽  
Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis ◽  
Xiaohu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Image Model ◽  
Street View ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

scholarly journals Study of Temporal Variations of Equivalent Black Carbon in a Coastal City in Northwest Spain Using an Atmospheric Aerosol Data Management Software

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
María Piñeiro-Iglesias ◽  
Javier Andrade-Garda ◽  
Sonia Suárez-Garaboa ◽  
Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo ◽  
Purificación López-Mahía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Diurnal Variability

Light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols (including black carbon (BC)) pose serious health issues and play significant roles in atmospheric radiative properties. Two-year measurements (2015–2016) of aerosol light absorption, combined with measurements of sub-micrometric particles, were continuously conducted in A Coruña (northwest (NW) Spain) to determine their light absorption properties: absorption coefficients (σabs) and the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE). The mean and standard deviation of equivalent black carbon (eBC) during the period of study were 0.85 ± 0.83 µg m−3, which are lower than other values measured in urban areas of Spain and Europe. High eBC concentrations found in winter are associated with an increase in emissions from anthropogenic sources in combination with lower mixing layer heights and frequent stagnant conditions. The pronounced diurnal variability suggests a strong influence from local sources. AAE had an average value of 1.26 ± 0.22 which implies that both fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning influenced optical aerosol properties. This also highlights biomass combustion in suburban areas, where the use of wood for domestic heating is encouraged, as an important source of eBC. All data treatment was gathered using SCALA© as atmospheric aerosol data management support software program.

scholarly journals Calibration and Validation of ArcGIS Solar Radiation Tool for Photovoltaic Potential Determination in the Netherlands

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1865
Author(s):  
Bala Bhavya Kausika ◽  
Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
Solar Radiation Model

Geographic information system (GIS) based tools have become popular for solar photovoltaic (PV) potential estimations, especially in urban areas. There are readily available tools for the mapping and estimation of solar irradiation that give results with the click of a button. Although these tools capture the complexities of the urban environment, they often miss the more important atmospheric parameters that determine the irradiation and potential estimations. Therefore, validation of these models is necessary for accurate potential energy yield and capacity estimations. This paper demonstrates the calibration and validation of the solar radiation model developed by Fu and Rich, employed within ArcGIS, with a focus on the input atmospheric parameters, diffusivity and transmissivity for the Netherlands. In addition, factors affecting the model’s performance with respect to the resolution of the input data were studied. Data were calibrated using ground measurements from Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) stations in the Netherlands and validated with the station data from Cabauw. The results show that the default model values of diffusivity and transmissivity lead to substantial underestimation or overestimation of solar insolation. In addition, this paper also shows that calibration can be performed at different time scales depending on the purpose and spatial resolution of the input data.

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