Adipose tissue engineering with naturally derived scaffolds and adipose-derived stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a variety of tissues using different methods. Active research have confirmed that the most accessible site to collect them is the adipose tissue; which has a significantly higher concentration of MSCs. Moreover; harvesting from adipose tissue is less invasive; there are no ethical limitations and a lower risk of severe complications. These adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are also able to increase at higher rates and showing telomerase activity, which acts by maintaining the DNA stability during cell divisions. Adipose-derived stem cells secret molecules that show important function in other cells vitality and mechanisms associated with the immune system, central nervous system, the heart and several muscles. They release cytokines involved in pro/anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and hematopoietic processes. Adipose-derived stem cells also have immunosuppressive properties and have been reported to be “immune privileged” since they show negative or low expression of human leukocyte antigens. Translational medicine and basic research projects can take advantage of bioprinting. This technology allows precise control for both scaffolds and cells. The properties of cell adhesion, migration, maturation, proliferation, mimicry of cell microenvironment, and differentiation should be promoted by the printed biomaterial used in tissue engineering. Self-renewal and potency are presented by MSCs, which implies in an open-source for 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine. Considering these features and necessities, ASCs can be applied in the designing of tissue engineering products. Understanding the heterogeneity of ASCs and optimizing their properties can contribute to making the best therapeutic use of these cells and opening new paths to make tissue engineering even more useful.

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Adipose Tissue Engineering from Human Adult Stem Cells: Clinical Implications in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Yearbook of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery ◽

10.1016/s1535-1513(08)70688-x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 224-225

Author(s):

S.H. Miller

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Reconstructive Surgery ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery ◽

Adipose Tissue Engineering ◽

Human Adult

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Caveolin-1 mediates soft scaffold-enhanced adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02356-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shiqi Xiang ◽

Zhong Li ◽

Madalyn R. Fritch ◽

La Li ◽

Sachin Velankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

3D Culture ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Illumination Time ◽

Caveolin 1 ◽

Adipose Tissue Engineering ◽

Cav1 Expression

Abstract Background Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) can differentiate into adipocytes upon stimulation and are considered an appropriate cell source for adipose tissue engineering. In addition to biochemical cues, the stiffness of a substrate that cells attach to has also been shown to affect hBMSC differentiation potential. Of note, most current studies are conducted on monolayer cultures which do not directly inform adipose tissue engineering, where 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are often used to create proper tissue architecture. In this study, we aim to examine the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs within soft or stiff scaffolds and investigate the molecular mechanism mediating the response of hBMSCs to substrate stiffness in 3D culture, specifically the involvement of the integral membrane protein, caveolin-1 (CAV1), known to regulate signaling in MSCs via compartmentalizing and concentrating signaling molecules. Methods By adjusting the photo-illumination time, photocrosslinkable gelatin scaffolds with the same polymer concentration but different stiffnesses were created. hBMSCs were seeded within soft and stiff scaffolds, and their response to adipogenic induction under different substrate mechanical conditions was characterized. The functional involvement of CAV1 was assessed by suppressing its expression level using CAV1-specific siRNA. Results The soft and stiff scaffolds used in this study had a compressive modulus of ~0.5 kPa and ~23.5 kPa, respectively. hBMSCs showed high viability in both scaffold types, but only spread out in the soft scaffolds. hBMSCs cultured in soft scaffolds displayed significantly higher adipogenesis, as revealed by histology, qRT-PCR, and immunostaining. Interestingly, a lower CAV1 level was observed in hBMSCs in the soft scaffolds, concomitantly accompanied by increased levels of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and decreased YAP phosphorylation, when compared to cells seeded in the stiff scaffolds. Interestingly, reducing CAV1 expression with siRNA was shown to further enhance hBMSC adipogenesis, which may function through activation of the YAP signaling pathway. Conclusions Soft biomaterials support superior adipogenesis of encapsulated hBMSCs in 3D culture, which is partially mediated by the CAV1-YAP axis. Suppressing CAV1 expression levels represents a robust method in the promotion of hBMSC adipogenesis.

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Directing Parthenogenetic Stem Cells Differentiate into Adipocytes for Engineering Injectable Adipose Tissue

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2014/423635 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wei Liu ◽

Xingyuan Yang ◽

Xingrong Yan ◽

Jihong Cui ◽

Wenguang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Embryoid Bodies ◽

Differentiation Capacity ◽

Adipose Tissue Engineering ◽

Seed Cells

The selection of appropriate seed cells is crucial for adipose tissue engineering. Here, we reported the stepwise induction of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) to differentiate into adipogenic cells and its application in engineering injectable adipose tissue with Pluronic F-127. pESCs had pluripotent differentiation capacity and could form teratomas that include the three primary germ layers. Cells that migrated from the embryoid bodies (EBs) were selectively separated and expanded to obtain embryonic mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs). The eMSCs exhibited similar cell surface marker expression profiles with bone morrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and had multipotent differentiation capacity. Under the induction of dexamethasone, indomethacin, and insulin, eMSCs could differentiate into adipogenic cells with increased expression of adipose-specific genes and oil droplet depositions within the cytoplasm. To evaluate their suitability as seed cells for adipose tissue engineering, the CM-Dil labelled adipogenic cells derived from eMSCs were seeded into Pluronic F-127 hydrogel and injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Four weeks after injection, glistering and semitransparent constructs formed in the subcutaneous site. Histological observations demonstrated that new adipose tissue was successfully fabricated in the specimen by the labelled cells. The results of the current study indicated that pESCs have great potential in the fabrication of injectable adipose tissue.

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Adipose-derived stem cells for tissue engineering and therapy of non-healing wounds

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.4927 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. 806-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adriana Schumacher ◽

Mirosława Cichorek ◽

Michał Pikuła

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Chronic Wounds ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Healing Wounds

Chronic wounds seem to be a big problem for the medicinal, social and commercial area, especially for elder patients or people with cancer, metabolic or autoimmune diseases. In this respect, in the modern regenerative medicine there are intensive studies on methodologies that stimulate healing of chronic wounds (diabetic foots, ulcers, burns). In tissue engineering new solutions in wound healing are based on cellular therapies which consisting of growth factors and various types of scaffolds. In this way, there are created skin substitutes which are composed of cellular auto/allografts (stem cells and differentiated cells) and most commonly biodegradable scaffolds; they aim is not only to fill the tissue but also to stimulate wound healing. In this article we demonstrate the current knowledge about biological properties of Adipose- -derived Stem Cells (ASCs), methods of their isolation and potential for use in therapies for non-healing wounds. Adipose tissue seems to be an attractive and abundant stem cells source with therapeutic applicability in diverse phase of the repair and regeneration of the chronically damaged tissues. Additionally, it is believed that secreted by ASCs growth factors, cytokines and exosomes are decisive in the clinical effects. In this review, we also present the current clinical trials using stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Increasingly, the use of cell therapy in wound healing treatment draws attention to the safety, reproducibility and quality of stem cells. Researches go on and therapy approaches are possible but the detailed knowledge of the ASCs biology must be thoroughly investigated before these cells would be widely used in the clinical trials.

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