Background. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic. According to the experts, by 2045 the number of patients with diabetes will rise by 48 %. Patients with diabetes are characterized by the high cardiovascular mortality and a significant reduction in life expectancy. Almost half of the deaths associated with diabetes are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Patients with diabetes often have concomitant pathology (hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity), which increases the cardiovascular risk.
Objective. To describe microcirculation disorders in patients with comorbid conditions.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic.
Results and discussion. Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is a multifaceted disease that has a number of cardiovascular, metabolic and renal complications. The links of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications of DM2 include dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, autonomic imbalance, and endothelial dysfunction (ED). ED leads to vasoconstriction, increased chronic inflammation, increased vascular permeability and hypercoagulation, which ultimately causes micro- and macroangiopathy. Neurological complications of diabetes are also mediated by ED and microangiopathies, which lead to nerve hypoxia with a decrease in conductivity velocity. In recent years, the literature has been actively discussing the syndrome of early vascular aging – premature and accelerated development of structural and functional age-related changes in blood vessels. Microcirculation disorders that accompany diabetes, CVD and their complications are mediated by nitric oxide (NO) imbalance. NO reduces the contractility and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, platelet aggregation, endothelin production, adhesion of monocytes and platelets, and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. In humans, NO is produced from L-arginine. Increased L-arginase activity and decreased NO-synthase activity lead to a decrease in NO content and to the development of ED, atherosclerosis, and decreased insulin sensitivity. L-arginine as a substrate of NO improves the functional state of the endothelium, reduces the manifestations of oxidative stress, reduces the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces insulin resistance. It should be noted that the administration of 4.2 g of L-arginine in DM is not enough. In clinical studies, doses of 6.4-9 g per day were found to be effective in diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is advisable to use Tivortin-200 (“Yuria-Pharm”), which contains 8.4 g of L-arginine in one vial.
Conclusions. 1. Patients with diabetes are characterized by the high cardiovascular mortality and a significant reduction in life expectancy. 2. The links of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications of DM2 include dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, autonomic imbalance, and ED. 3. Disorders of microcirculation that accompany diabetes, CVD and their complications, are mediated by NO imbalance. 4. L-arginine as a substrate of NO improves the functional state of the endothelium, reduces the manifestations of oxidative stress, reduces the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces insulin resistance. 5. In diabetes and obesity, it is advisable to use Tivortin-200, which contains 8.4 g of L-arginine in one vial.
Polyphenol-rich Boswellia serrata gum prevents cognitive impairment and insulin resistance of diabetic rats through inhibition of GSK3β activity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines
