DNA fingerprinting and botanical study of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) family Meliaceae

Since ancient time, herbal drugs were highly used in the prevention and cure of various human illnesses. In India, Azadirachta indica being commonly known as Neem or Margosa is one of the multi-functional trees; belonging to Meliaceae family. In 1992, the US National Academy of Sciences was published a report entitled ‘Neem- a tree for solving global problems’. It is still considered as ‘village dispensary’ throughout the India. There are two species of Azadirachta which have been investigated; Azadirachta indica that is found in the Indian subcontinent and Azadirachta excelsa Kack that is homegrown to Indonesia and Philippines. A large number of pharmacologically active substances have been identified and isolated from the different parts of neem including azadirachtin, meliacin, gedunin, salanin, nimbin, valassin and various other components which are derived from these main compounds. Many different studies have been evaluated and authenticated for its various traditional and pharmacological activities like itching, leprosy, wound healing, spermicidal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antidiabetic and analgesic etc. In the beginning of 1979, patenting on neem was started by CSIR to separate the active compounds from neem oil. Its great implantation fights with soil erosion, global warming, deforestations and desertification world-wide. In 2002, World Neem Conference raised the neem tree as an industrial or commercial plant. This review is going to explore comprehensively; traditional, pharmacological potential along with patenting, environmental & industrial significant of various parts of neem tree with safety concerns.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND LARVICIDAL EFFECT EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (L) LEAF EXTRACT ON DERMESTES MACULATUS (DE GEER, 1774) INFESTATION OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-89 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 41-45

Author(s):

Sadam Sulaiman Indabo ◽

Rufai Zakari

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Range Finding ◽

Dermestes Maculatus ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Initial Source

Dermestes maculatus is a major pest of stored fish in Nigeria, fish is preserved with highly persistent synthetic chemicals. There have been an increasing effort at developing plant-based toxicants that are environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica for phytochemical constituents. The efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant against D. maculatus was also evaluated. The leaves of A. indica were obtained, processed and taken to laboratory for methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, triterpenes and carbohydrates using standard procedure. Both clean and infested samples of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Sabon Gari Market, Zaria. The infested samples were used as initial source of D. maculatus larvae. Range finding test was carried out prior to the bioassay. During the bioassay, clean un-infested fish samples were weighed and introduced into kilner jars and respective dosages of 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 0.8g of extract were added. Another set of fish samples without the extract were maintained as control. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Fifteen larvae of D. maculatus were introduced into both treated and control containers and covered. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Data obtained revealed an increase in mortality with increasing dose and time. Mortality ranged from 1.67 to 11.00. Therefore, leaf extract of A. indica should be incorporated in the development of larvicide against D. maculatus.

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‘Here in India’: Nineteenth-Century British Women Navigating their Position in the Empire through Children's Literature

International Research in Children s Literature ◽

10.3366/ircl.2018.0273 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 173-185

Author(s):

Jesse Aberbach

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Middle Class ◽

Children’S Literature ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Children's Books ◽

Children’S Books ◽

Maternal Roles ◽

Female Writers ◽

And Control ◽

Botanical Study

This article considers how the children's books written by two nineteenth-century female writers, Eliza Tabor and Mary Martha Sherwood, when they accompanied their husbands to India, enabled them to navigate this new environment and their position as respectable middle-class women while revealing how India was deemed a place where British childhood was impossible. Just as many women took up botanical study to legitimise their ‘otherwise transgressive presence in imperial spaces’ (McEwan 219), writing for children enabled others to engage with the masculine world of travelling and earning money without compromising their femininity. Addressing their work to children also seems to have helped both writers to deal with the absence of their own children: the Indian climate made it impossibly challenging for most British infants and children. In this way their writing gives expression to what might be termed a crisis of imperial motherhood. Underlying the texts is an anxiety relating to British settlement and an attempt to comprehend and control a place that threatened their maternal roles.

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Dairy Farmers Empowerment in Subak Anggabaya Penatih Timur Denpasar Bali Indonesia

International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ◽

10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/05/510 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (05) ◽

pp. 20218-20223

Author(s):

I Ketut Arnawa ◽

I Wayan Runa ◽

I Made Sukerta ◽

Putu Sri Astuti ◽

Dan Luh Kadek Budi Martini

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Process Technology ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Training Activity ◽

Good Nutrition ◽

And Training ◽

Spraying Method

The main purpose for the application of science and technology for livestock group of cow, is to form a group of skilled and professional livestock, as vaccinators, can take advantage of Azadirachta indica leaves a plant insecticide, apply a good cage sanitation, can produce organic fertilizer from feces of cow, can treat hay as feed to good nutritional value. The method used is education and training. Activity results obtained, that 10 percent of members of the group have managed to become vaccinators cadres, able to implement good sanitation stables, feces of cow (Stomoxys calsitrans) can process technology with EM4 into organic fertilizer and can process the rice straw with urea spraying method, to produce feed hay to the value of good nutrition for growing cattle.

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