From laboratory scale to pilot plant: Evaluation of the catalytic co-pyrolysis of grape seeds and polystyrene wastes with CaO

Abstract Pilot plant testing is invaluable for ascertaining the robustness of water treatment processes against raw water quality events such as turbidity and colour spikes, whether it be for stress testing of an existing process or designing of a new process. Unfortunately, the natural occurrence of such events (particularly colour) can be difficult to predict and commercial humic materials generally fail to closely match the indigenous natural organic matter (NOM) present in the raw water. Therefore, it is highly desirable to be able to simulate NOM event conditions. This paper describes a simple brewing method that we developed and used in our recent pilot plant evaluation of a proposed DAF/Ozone/BAC process for drinking water treatment. Using this method we successfully prepared, by using fallen leaves etc. collected from the local catchment area, large quantities of a concentrated NOM stock solution with its specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), when diluted, very close to the median SUVA of historical NOM events. The brewed solution showed broadly similar NOM characteristics to those of the raw water encountered during the pilot investigation period in terms of molecular weight distribution and fractionation. The coagulation behaviour was also examined for the spiked and non-spiked raw water.

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Simulation of Supercritical Water Oxidation with Air at Pilot Plant Scale

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.2202/1542-6580.2259 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Belén García Jarana ◽

Jezabel Sánchez Oneto ◽

Juan Ramón Portela Miguélez ◽

Enrique Nebot Sanz ◽

Enrique J. Martínez de la Ossa

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Parameters ◽

Supercritical Water ◽

Water Oxidation ◽

Pilot Plant ◽

Reaction Kinetic ◽

Pure Water ◽

Kinetic Equations ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Supercritical Water Oxidation

Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) processes have been studied by numerous researchers. The effectiveness of this approach to treat a wide variety of wastes has been proved and the kinetics involved in some cases have been described. Phenol is commonly present in industrial wastewaters and it is extremely toxic. Hence, phenol is a model pollutant that has been the subject of numerous studies by SCWO on a laboratory scale. In this work, a pilot-scale SCWO system has been used to compare experimental and predicted conversions in the SCWO of phenol, using the reaction kinetic equations obtained at the laboratory scale. In this context, PROSIM PLUS software was employed to develop a simulator for the pilot plant facility, with the reaction kinetic parameters adjusted to represent the experimental data. In this study it was necessary to determine the thermal losses between the experimental reactor and its surroundings. These thermal losses were obtained from tests with pure water and oxidant streams in the absence of chemical reaction. An equation that predicted the effect of flow rate and temperature on the thermal losses was used. Experimental oxidation tests were conducted with initial temperature in the range 380 to 425 ºC, at 250 bar and phenol concentrations ranging from 1 to 12 g/l. Good agreement in the simulation was obtained by adjusting the kinetic parameters within their confidence range. This simulator was used to optimize the SCWO of phenol solutions in the pilot plant facility.

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Laboratory and Pilot Plant Evaluation of Intermittent Loading on Small- Scale Extended Aeration Biological Systems

10.21236/ada050751 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

Jerome L. Mahloch ◽

Daniel E. Averett ◽

Marcia Headstream

Keyword(s):

Pilot Plant ◽

Biological Systems ◽

Small Scale ◽

Intermittent Loading ◽

Plant Evaluation

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Grain Reconstruction of Palladium and Palladium-Nickel Alloys for Platinum Catchment

Johnson Matthey Technology Review ◽

10.1595/205651319x15597236291099 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 236-246

Author(s):

A. Slagtern Fjellvåg ◽

D. Waller ◽

J. Skjelstad ◽

A. Olafsen Sjåstad

Keyword(s):

Pilot Plant ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Ammonia Oxidation ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Plant Reactor

Platinum-rhodium gauzes are frequently used to catalyse the high temperature ammonia oxidation step for production of synthetic nitrogen-based fertilisers. The gauzes suffer from Pt loss in the form of platinum dioxide (PtO2), due to the highly exothermic nature of the oxidation reaction. Industrially this is mitigated by installing one or more palladium-nickel catchment gauzes directly downstream of the combustion gauzes, to capture the lost Pt. The Pd-Ni catchment gauzes undergo severe structural modification during operation. In this study, we undertake a systematic study in a laboratory-scale furnace system to determine the role of each of the constituent gases O2, H2O and PtO2 on the structural changes of the Pd-Ni gauzes. In addition, some samples are exposed to real industrial conditions in an ammonia combustion pilot plant reactor. Fresh and spent catchment gauzes are analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy/optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-MS/OES). By combining analysis of samples from furnace and pilot scale experiments, the main findings are that Pd-Ni gauzes undergo internal oxidation to nickel(II) oxide (NiO); which in the presence of steam results in Ni depletion and that PtO2 vapour causes severe grain reconstruction. Furthermore, in laboratory-scale experiments no significant Pd loss is observed, which is in contrast to observations from the pilot plant where the samples are exposed to real post-ammonia oxidation conditions. Pd loss is likely attributed to some gas species contained in the real post-ammonia oxidation gas stream.

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Laboratory scale inactivation of pig viruses in pig slurry and design of a pilot plant for thermal inactivation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0587 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (4-5) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Claire Turner ◽

Stuart M. Williams ◽

Colin H. Burton ◽

John W. Farrent ◽

Philip J. Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Pilot Plant ◽

Thermal Inactivation ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Suitable Method ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Virus Diseases ◽

Vesicular Disease

African swine fever (ASF) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) are virus diseases that threaten the pig populations in Europe. This paper examines the effectiveness of two methods used to inactivate these two viruses in pig slurry, and then describes the design of a pilot plant which makes use of one inactivation method. The first method is the addition of alkali, specifically NaOH or Ca(OH)2 at various concentrations. ASF virus (ASFV) required 1% of either NaOH or Ca(OH)2 for inactivation; SVD virus (SVDV) required 1.5% NaOH or Ca(OH)2 for similar inactivation. The second method was the application of heat. ASFV was inactivated to below detectable levels at 56°C within 90 seconds, whereas SVDV required 60°C for inactivation within 90 seconds. Heat was identified as the most suitable method, and a pilot plant was designed and assembled for the inactivation of viruses in pig slurry at a rate of up to 100 litres per hour.

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