ABSTRACT
Because arsenate [As(V)] reduction by bacteria can significantly enhance arsenic mobility in the environment, it is important to be able to predict when this activity will occur. Currently, two bacterial systems are known that specifically reduce As(V), namely, a respiratory system (encoded by the arr genes) and a detoxification system (encoded by the ars genes). Here we analyze the conditions under which these two systems are expressed in Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3. The ars system is expressed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, whereas the arr system is only expressed anaerobically and is repressed by oxygen and nitrate. When cells are grown on As(V), the arr system is maximally induced during exponential growth, with peak expression of the ars system occurring at the beginning of stationary phase. Both the arr and ars systems are specifically induced by arsenite [As(III)], but the arr system is activated by a concentration of As(III) that is 1,000 times lower than that required for the arsC system (≤100 nM versus ≤100 μM, respectively). A double mutant was constructed that does not reduce As(V) under any growth conditions. In this strain background, As(V) is capable of inducing the arr system at low micromolar concentrations, but it does not induce the ars system. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the two As(V) reductase systems in ANA-3 respond to different amounts and types of inorganic arsenic.
Expression Dynamics of Arsenic Respiration and Detoxification in Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3
