Transfer of negative valence in an episodic memory task

AbstractWorking memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, 81 adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and 29 elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

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Effects of ketamine on brain function during metacognition of episodic memory

Neuroscience of Consciousness ◽

10.1093/nc/niaa028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mirko Lehmann ◽

Claudia Neumann ◽

Sven Wasserthal ◽

Johannes Schultz ◽

Achilles Delis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Memory Task ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Neural Correlates ◽

Double Blind ◽

Lingual Gyrus ◽

States Of Consciousness ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Confidence Ratings

Abstract Only little research has been conducted on the pharmacological underpinnings of metacognition. Here, we tested the modulatory effects of a single intravenous dose (100 ng/ml) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-glutamate-receptor antagonist ketamine, a compound known to induce altered states of consciousness, on metacognition and its neural correlates. Fifty-three young, healthy adults completed two study phases of an episodic memory task involving both encoding and retrieval in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Trial-by-trial confidence ratings were collected during retrieval. Effects on the subjective state of consciousness were assessed using the 5D-ASC questionnaire. Confirming that the drug elicited a psychedelic state, there were effects of ketamine on all 5D-ASC scales. Acute ketamine administration during retrieval had deleterious effects on metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d′) and led to larger metacognitive bias, with retrieval performance (d′) and reaction times remaining unaffected. However, there was no ketamine effect on metacognitive efficiency (meta-d′/d′). Measures of the BOLD signal revealed that ketamine compared to placebo elicited higher activation of posterior cortical brain areas, including superior and inferior parietal lobe, calcarine gyrus, and lingual gyrus, albeit not specific to metacognitive confidence ratings. Ketamine administered during encoding did not significantly affect performance or brain activation. Overall, our findings suggest that ketamine impacts metacognition, leading to significantly larger metacognitive bias and deterioration of metacognitive sensitivity as well as unspecific activation increases in posterior hot zone areas of the neural correlates of consciousness.

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The Effect of Divided Attention on Encoding and Retrieval in Episodic Memory Revealed by Positron Emission Tomography

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/089892900562093 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 267-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Tetsuya Iidaka ◽

Nicole D. Anderson ◽

Shitij Kapur ◽

Roberto Cabez ◽

Fergus I. M. Craik

Keyword(s):

Positron Emission Tomography ◽

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Divided Attention ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Emission Tomography ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Encoding And Retrieval

The effects of divided attention (DA) on episodic memory encoding and retrieval were investigated in 12 normal young subjects by positron emission tomography (PET). Cerebral blood flow was measured while subjects were concurrently performing a memory task (encoding and retrieval of visually presented word pairs) and an auditory tone-discrimination task. The PET data were analyzed using multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS), and the results revealed three sets of neural correlates related to specific task contrasts. Brain activity, relatively greater under conditions of full attention (FA) than DA, was identified in the occipital-temporal, medial, and ventral-frontal areas, whereas areas showing relatively more activity under DA than FA were found in the cerebellum, temporo-parietal, left anterior-cingulate gyrus, and bilateral dorsolateral-prefrontal areas. Regions more active during encoding than during retrieval were located in the hippocampus, temporal and the prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere, and regions more active during retrieval than during encoding included areas in the medial and right-prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cuneus. DA at encoding was associated with specific decreases in rCBF in the left-prefrontal areas, whereas DA at retrieval was associated with decreased rCBF in a relatively small region in the right-prefrontal cortex. These different patterns of activity are related to the behavioral results, which showed a substantial decrease in memory performance when the DA task was performed at encoding, but no change in memory levels when the DA task was performed at retrieval.

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Effects of amnesia on processing in the hippocampus and default mode network during a naturalistic memory task: a case study

10.31234/osf.io/e9n8c ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christiane Oedekoven ◽

James L. Keidel ◽

Stuart Anderson ◽

Angus Nisbet ◽

Chris Bird

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Structural Mri ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Left Hippocampus ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

The Right ◽

Encoding And Retrieval

Despite their severely impaired episodic memory, individuals with amnesia are able to comprehend ongoing events. Online representations of a current event are thought to be supported by a network of regions centred on the posterior midline cortex (PMC). By contrast, episodic memory is widely believed to be supported by interactions between the hippocampus and these cortical regions. In this MRI study, we investigated the encoding and retrieval of lifelike events (video clips) in a patient with severe amnesia likely resulting from a stroke to the right thalamus, and a group of 20 age-matched controls. Structural MRI revealed grey matter reductions in left hippocampus and left thalamus in comparison to controls. We first characterised the regions activated in the controls while they watched and retrieved the videos. There were no differences in activation between the patient and controls in any of the regions. We then identified a widespread network of brain regions, including the hippocampus, that were functionally connected with the PMC in controls. However, in the patient there was a specific reduction in functional connectivity between the PMC and a region of left hippocampus when both watching and attempting to retrieve the videos. A follow up analysis revealed that in controls the functional connectivity between these regions when watching the videos was correlated with memory performance. Taken together, these findings support the view that the interactions between the PMC and the hippocampus enable the encoding and retrieval of multimodal representations of the contents of an event.

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The effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function among young university students: moderation considerations by biological sex

Health Promotion Perspectives ◽

10.15171/hpp.2019.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lauren Johnson ◽

Paul D. Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

University Students ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Memory Function ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Memory Task ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Term Memory ◽

Main Effect

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate potential sex-specific differences on episodic memory function and determine whether sex moderates the effects of acute exercise on episodic memory.Methods: A randomized controlled intervention was employed. This experiment was conducted among young University students (mean age = 21 years). Both males (n=20) and females (n=20)completed two counterbalanced laboratory visits, with one visit involving a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity exercise prior to the memory task. The control visit engaged in a time matched seated task. Memory function (including short-term memory, learning, and long-term memory) was assessed from the RAVLT (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test).Results: We observed a significant main effect for time (P<0.001, ƞ2p= 0.77) and a marginally significant main effect for sex (P=0.06, ƞ2p= 0.09), but no time by sex by condition interaction(P=0.91, ƞ2p= 0.01). We also observed some suggestive evidence of a more beneficial effect of acute exercise on memory for females. Conclusion: In conclusion, females outperformed males in verbal memory function. Additional research is needed to further evaluate whether sex moderates the effects of acute exercise on memory function.

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The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory

Acta de Investigación Psicológica ◽

10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2018.2.07 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 80-89

Author(s):

Selene Cansino

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Source Memory ◽

Memory Task ◽

Covert Attention ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Memory Representations ◽

The Right ◽

Symbolic Cues

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

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Not Just a Pot: Visual Episodic Memory in Cannabis Users and Polydrug Cannabis Users: ROC and ERP Preliminary Investigation

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2021.677793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Alicja Anna Binkowska ◽

Natalia Jakubowska ◽

Maciej Gaca ◽

Natalia Galant ◽

Agnieszka Piotrowska-Cyplik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Visual Learning ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Memory Task ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Receiver Operating

Background While research has consistently identified an association between long-term cannabis use and memory impairments, few studies have examined this relationship in a polydrug context (i.e., when combining cannabis with other substances).Aims: In this preliminary study, we used event-related potentials to examine the recognition process in a visual episodic memory task in cannabis users (CU) and cannabis polydrug users (PU). We hypothesized that CU and PU will have both–behavioral and psychophysiological–indicators of memory processes affected, compared to matched non-using controls with the PU expressing more severe changes.Methods 29 non-using controls (CG), 24 CU and 27 PU were enrolled into the study. All participants completed a visual learning recognition task while brain electrical activity was recorded. Event-related potentials were calculated for familiar (old) and new images from a signal recorded during a subsequent recognition test. We used receiver operating characteristic curves for behavioral data analysis.Results The groups did not differ in memory performance based on receiver operating characteristic method in accuracy and discriminability indicators nor mean reaction times for old/new images. The frontal old/new effect expected from prior research was observed for all participants, while a parietal old/new effect was not observed. While, the significant differences in the late parietal component (LPC) amplitude was observed between CG and PU but not between CG and CU nor CU and PU. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the mean amplitude of the LPC component as a predictor of memory performance accuracy indicator. LPC amplitude predicts recognition accuracy only in the CG.Conclusion The results showed alterations in recognition memory processing in CU and PU groups compared to CG, which were not manifested on the behavioral level, and were the most prominent in cannabis polydrug users. We interpret it as a manifestation of the cumulative effect of multiple drug usage in the PU group.

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Theta and gamma hippocampal-neocortical oscillations during the episodic-like memory test: impairment in epileptogenic rats

10.1101/2021.12.09.471759 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anton E Malkov ◽

Ludmila Shevkova ◽

Alexandra Latyshkova ◽

Valentina Kitchigina

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Memory Task ◽

Gamma Oscillations ◽

High Amplitude ◽

Memory Test ◽

Interictal Spikes ◽

Paroxysmal Activity ◽

Cortical Oscillations ◽

Gamma Rhythms ◽

Hippocampal Theta

Cortical oscillations in different frequency bands have been shown to be intimately involved in exploration of environment and cognition. Here, the local field potentials in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) were recorded simultaneously in rats during the execution of the episodic-like memory task. The power of hippocampal theta (~4-10 Hz), slow gamma (~25-50 Hz), and fast gamma oscillations (~55-100 Hz) was analyzed in all structures examined. Particular attention was paid to the theta coherence between three mentioned structures. The modulation of the power of gamma rhythms by the phase of theta cycle during the execution of the episodic-like memory test by rats was also closely studied. Healthy rats and rats one month after kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE) were examined. Paroxysmal activity in the hippocampus (high amplitude interictal spikes), excessive excitability of animals, and the death of hippocampal and dentate granular cells in rats with kainate-evoked SE were observed, which indicated the development of seizure focus in the hippocampus (epileptogenesis). One month after SE, the rats exhibited a specific impairment of episodic memory for the what-where-when triad: unlike healthy rats, epileptogenic SE animals did not identify the objects during the test. This impairment was associated with the changes in the characteristics of theta and gamma rhythms and specific violation of theta coherence and theta/gamma coupling in these structures in comparison with the healthy animals. We believe that these disturbances in the cortical areas play a role in episodic memory dysfunction in kainate-treated animals. These findings can shed light on the mechanisms of cognitive deficit during epileptogenesis.

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The influence of visual working memory representations on attention bias to threat in individuals with high trait anxiety

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology ◽

10.1177/2043808719876149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 204380871987614

Author(s):

Nisha Yao ◽

Marcus A. Rodriguez ◽

Mengyao He ◽

Mingyi Qian

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Visual Working Memory ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Memory Task ◽

Attention Bias ◽

Control Group ◽

Negative Valence ◽

Memory Representations ◽

High Trait Anxiety ◽

The Relationship

Experimental studies have yielded discrepant results regarding the relationship between anxiety and attention bias to threat. Cognitive factors modulating the presence of threat-related attention bias in anxiety have drawn growing attention. Previous research demonstrated that visual working memory (WM) representations can guide attention allocation in a top-down manner. Whether threat-related WM representations affected the presence of attention bias in anxiety awaits examination. Combining a memory task and a dot-probe task, this study investigated how WM representations of faces with neutral or negative expressions modulated the attention bias to threat among highly anxious individuals versus controls. Results showed that highly anxious individuals developed more pronounced attention bias to threat when maintaining WM representations of negative faces as compared to the control group. There were no significant between-group effects when the WM representations were neutral. These results suggested that highly anxious individuals were more susceptible to the influence of mental representations with negative valence on attention deployment.

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Egocentric Navigation Abilities Predict Episodic Memory Performance

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2020.574224 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgia Committeri ◽

Agustina Fragueiro ◽

Maria Maddalena Campanile ◽

Marco Lagatta ◽

Ford Burles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Semantic Memory ◽

Path Integration ◽

Medial Temporal Lobe ◽

Declarative Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Future Research ◽

Egocentric Navigation

The medial temporal lobe supports both navigation and declarative memory. On this basis, a theory of phylogenetic continuity has been proposed according to which episodic and semantic memories have evolved from egocentric (e.g., path integration) and allocentric (e.g., map-based) navigation in the physical world, respectively. Here, we explored the behavioral significance of this neurophysiological model by investigating the relationship between the performance of healthy individuals on a path integration and an episodic memory task. We investigated the path integration performance through a proprioceptive Triangle Completion Task and assessed episodic memory through a picture recognition task. We evaluated the specificity of the association between performance in these two tasks by including in the study design a verbal semantic memory task. We also controlled for the effect of attention and working memory and tested the robustness of the results by including alternative versions of the path integration and semantic memory tasks. We found a significant positive correlation between the performance on the path integration the episodic, but not semantic, memory tasks. This pattern of correlation was not explained by general cognitive abilities and persisted also when considering a visual path integration task and a non-verbal semantic memory task. Importantly, a cross-validation analysis showed that participants' egocentric navigation abilities reliably predicted episodic memory performance. Altogether, our findings support the hypothesis of a phylogenetic continuity between egocentric navigation and episodic memory and pave the way for future research on the potential causal role of egocentric navigation on multiple forms of episodic memory.

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