Calcium carbonate scale inhibition using the “allotropic cell” device

Abstract Polyaminoamide dendrimers (PAMAM) surface-modified with anionic terminal groups (PIY) for use as scale inhibitors were prepared with the fourth-generation PAMAM and sodium acrylate (SAA), via the Michael addition reaction. The chemical structures of PIY were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The influence of scale inhibitor concentration, Ca2+ concentration and bath temperature on the scale inhibition efficiency was researched. The study results signified that PIY can resist calcium carbonate scale as high as 92.8%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that amorphous calcium carbonate had generated in the presence of PIY dendrimers.

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Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition with Ultrasonication and a Commercial Antiscalant

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3428

Author(s):

Chanbasha Basheer ◽

Amjad A. Shaikh ◽

Eid M. Al-Mutairi ◽

Mokhtar Noor El Deen ◽

Khurram Karim Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Scale Formation ◽

Sample Treatment ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Scale Inhibition ◽

Irradiation Sample ◽

Calcium Carbonate Deposition ◽

Calcium Carbonate Scale ◽

Scale Deposits

In this study, ultrasonication-assisted calcium carbonate scale inhibition was investigated compared with a commercial antiscalant ATMP (amino tris(methyl phosphonic acid)). The effects of varying ultrasound amplitude, pH, and inhibition duration were evaluated. The inhibition of calcium carbonate scale formation was measured based on the concentration of calcium in the solution after subjecting to different conditions. Scale deposits were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Inhibition of scale formation was supported at a pH of 7 for an ultrasound amplitude of 150 W. A 94% calcium carbonate inhibition was recorded when the experiment was carried out with ultrasonication. The use of 5 mg/L ATMP achieved a 90% calcium carbonate inhibition of ATMP. The result of the characterization revealed that the morphology of the crystals was unaffected by ultrasonic irradiation. Sample treatment was performed with two different membranes to evaluate the calcium carbonate deposition, and data reveals that, at identical conditions, ultrasonication provides less deposition when compared to the control experiments.

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Development of Poly(aspartic-co-glutamic acid) Green Antiscalant for Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition

Advanced Science Engineering and Medicine ◽

10.1166/asem.2020.2488 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 198-206

Author(s):

S. S. Barkade ◽

P. G. Bansod ◽

V. R. Doss ◽

S. P. Mardikar

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Polymer System ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Scale Inhibition ◽

And Performance ◽

Catalyst Effect ◽

Calcium Carbonate Scale

The performance of heat exchangers and water cooling systems is mainly affected by the major problem of calcium carbonate/sulphate based scale formation. Herein present paper, we are reporting synthesis, characterization and performance of novel aspartic-co-glutamic acid based polymer system as a green antiscalant. Aspartic-co-glutamic acid based polymer was developed using aspartic acid and glutamic acid as reactants and phosphoric acid as catalyst. Effect of different operating parameters viz. temperature, molar concentration of reactants, reaction time, etc. was studied thoroughly. The as-synthesized material was characterized by various physicochemical characterization techniques including fourier transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The scale inhibition properties of the as-synthesised product were studied with respect to calcium carbonate at various pH and temperature range. Experimental results unveil that at 200 ppm concentration, the anti-scaling property of the as-synthesized material was found to be close to that of commercial antiscalant (KT-RO).

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Magnetic Water Treatment to Inhibit Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition in the Drainage System of an Old Tunnel in Seoul, South Korea

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2045 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 594-597 ◽

pp. 2045-2055 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eric Yee ◽

Jongh Wi Lee ◽

Dae Sung Lim ◽

Byung Sik Chun

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

South Korea ◽

Drainage System ◽

Test Results ◽

Water Flow Velocity ◽

Treated Water ◽

Scale Inhibition ◽

Traffic Tunnel ◽

Calcium Carbonate Scale ◽

Scale Deposits

Drainage inlets at the Namsan #3 traffic tunnel in Seoul, South Korea were found to be clogged with calcium carbonate scale deposits. Officials were concerned the clogged drains would further stress the already deteriorating traffic tunnel and wanted to see if there were any practical and economical solutions in removing or preventing scale deposits. A tunnel drainage simulator was constructed to determine the feasibility of using magnets to inhibit scale precipitation and deposition. Test results from the simulation show 6.0 and 4.4 g of deposited calcium carbonate in pipes inclined at 2° and 5° respectively, while magnetically treated water resulted in 10.8 and 4.3 g of deposited calcium carbonate in pipes inclined at 2° and 5° respectively. Calcium carbonate scale samples from the tunnel drainage test underwent x-ray diffraction analysis and showed the magnetically treated water to precipitate more aragonite. The solubility product and crystalline structures of calcite and aragonite are able to help explain tunnel drainage test results and suggest water flow velocity to be a potentially important factor in calcium scale inhibition if magnets are used.

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Effect of Ion Migration of Multiple Copper-Zinc Alloy on the Crystal Structure of Calcium Carbonate Scale

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.35 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan Ding ◽

Jun Ping Meng ◽

Xu Hong Zhang ◽

Li Juan Wang ◽

Qing Guo Tang

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Zinc Ion ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Heating Process ◽

Ion Migration ◽

Heat Transfer Efficiency ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Calcium Carbonate Scale

Multiple copper-zinc alloy was used to treat water in order to restrict the formation of hard scale during heating process. Trace amounts of metal ions were dissolved from the alloy under the action of tiny battery corrosion, which took part in the crystallization of calcium carbonate crystal. The ion migration rules and its effect on the crystal structure of water scale were studied. The ICP test results show that after immersion in the water for 20 min, the zinc ion concentration increased to 0.35 mg•L-1 compared with contrast group. The simulating experiment of the scale crystal growth demonstrated that the calcium carbonate scale after treated with the alloy showed a transformation from calcite to aragonite, and the ratio of calcite to aragonite changed from 1:0.125 to 1:2.30. Meanwhile, the heat transfer efficiency was increased to 2.19%.

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Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of the IA / SAS Copolymer

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.404 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 404-407

Author(s):

Zhen Fa Liu ◽

Hao Lin Fu ◽

Li Hui Zhang ◽

Yan He Zhang ◽

Xuan Liu

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Itaconic Acid ◽

Inhibition Rate ◽

Biodegradation Rate ◽

Scale Inhibition ◽

Good Scale

A copolymer was prepared from itaconic acid (IA) and sodium allysulfonate (SAS). The structure of the IA/SAS copolymer was characterized by the means of FTIR. The performances of scale inhibition, dispersion and biodegradability of the IA/SAS copolymer were studied. The results showed that the IA/SAS copolymer had good scale inhibition and dispersing performance. The scale inhibition rate on calcium carbonate was 93% when the copolymer was 20 mg·L-1. The scale inhibition rate on calcium phosphate was 92% when the copolymer was 24 mg·L-1. The copolymer had good biodegradation performance and biodegradation rate could reach 69.5% after 28 days.

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Combined effect of constant high voltage electrostatic field and variable frequency pulsed electromagnetic field on the morphology of calcium carbonate scale in circulating cooling water systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2014.337 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1074-1082 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ju-Dong Zhao ◽

Zhi-An Liu ◽

Er-Jun Zhao

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

High Voltage ◽

Combined Effect ◽

Variable Frequency ◽

Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Calcium Carbonate Precipitation ◽

Water Flow Velocity ◽

Scale Inhibition ◽

Pulsed Electromagnetic

Research on scale inhibition is of importance to improve the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchangers. The combined effect of high voltage electrostatic and variable frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on calcium carbonate precipitation was investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. Using energy dispersive spectrum analysis, the predominant phase was found to be CaCO3. The formed crystal phases mainly consist of calcite and aragonite, which is, in part, verified by theory. The results indicate that the setting of water flow velocity, and high voltage electrostatic and variable frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields is very important. Favorable values of these parameters can have a significant anti-scaling effect, with 68.95% of anti-scaling ratio for scale sample 13, while unfavorable values do not affect scale inhibition, but rather promoted fouling, such as scale sample 6. By using scanning electron microscopy analysis, when the anti-scaling ratio is positive, the particle size of scale was found to become smaller than that of untreated sample and the morphology became loose. The X-ray diffraction results verify that the good combined effect favors the appearance and growth of aragonite and restrains its transition to calcite. The mechanism for scale reduction is discussed.

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