Effects of Grinding Aids Used in Grinding Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Filler on the Properties of Water-Based Interior Paints

Grinding aid chemicals which are used in the grinding of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to prevent agglomeration are chemisorbed on the surfaces of particles, and the compatibility of them with the solvent, water, or organic resin affects the dispersion of the minerals and ultimately down-stream product properties in consumer industries such as paint, papermaking, and plastic. This study tries to explain the effects of triethanolamine (TEA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG), which are most commonly used as grinding aids, on the behavior of CaCO3 in water-based paints and on the properties of the paints. The powder properties of CaCO3 (grain size, color, surface area, oil absorption capacity, zeta potential, etc.) were characterized, and the changes in the can stability, ease of application, and optical properties (gloss, opacity) of the paints were revealed with rheological and optical analysis. It was observed that amine compounds remained in higher amounts on the CaCO3 surface and created negative results in the paint. On the other hand, glycol compound adhered less on the CaCO3 surface and affected the properties of the final product less than the amine compound. Therefore, CaCO3 ground without using any chemicals gives the best results in terms of long-term stability, ease of application, and visuality of the paint.

Oxidation of Monoethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid with Gold-Based Catalyst and Glycolic Acid Isolation by Electrodialysis

In this work, a highly selective and active gold-based catalyst for the oxidation of high concentrated monoethylene glycol (MEG) in aqueous solution (3 M, 20 wt%) is described. High glycolic acid (GA) selectivity was achieved under mild reaction conditions. The optimization of the catalyst composition and of the reaction conditions for the oxidation of MEG in semi-batch mode under alkaline conditions led to a GA yield of >80% with a GA selectivity of about 90% in short reaction time. The bimetallic catalyst 0.1 wt% AuPt (9:1)/CeO2 showed very high activity (>2000 mmolMEG/gmetalmin) in the oxidation of MEG and, contrary to other studies, an extremely high educt to metal mole ratio of >25,000 was used. Additionally, the gold–platinum catalyst showed a high GA selectivity over more than 10 runs. A very efficient and highly selective process for the GA production from MEG under industrial relevant reaction conditions was established. In order to obtain a GA solution with high purity for the subsequent polymerization, the received reaction solution containing sodium glycolate, unreacted MEG and sodium oxalate is purified by a novel down-stream process via electrodialysis. The overall GA yield of the process exceeds 90% as unreacted MEG can be recycled.

Characteristics of impregnated wood by nano silica from betung bamboo leaves

Abstract, Sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) as a fast-growing wood species that has low quality. Therefore, wood modification is needed to improve its wood qualities. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and nano silica of betung bamboo leaves impregnation treatment on physical, mechanical properties and durability of sengon wood. 5-years-old Sengon wood from community forest, MEG and nano silica (average size = 436.16 nm) from betung bamboo leaves were used. The impregnation solutions were consisted of water treated (untreated), MEG, MEGSilika 0.5% and MEGSilika 1%. Impregnation process with 0.5 bar (60 minutes) vacuum and 2.5 bar (120 minutes) pressure. Physical properties (density and colour alteration), mechanical properties (Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and hardness) and durability against subterranean (Coptotermes curvignathus) attack. The results showed that the weight percent gain (WPG) and density of treated Sengon wood were increased as the nano silica concentration increased. While colour alteration (Δε) of treated samples were declining. Mechanical properties (MOE, MOR and hardness) were also improved. Durability based on laboratory tested against subterranean attack resulted that the percentage of termite mortality from the treated samples increased, while the percentage of weight loss decreased.

Top of line corrosion in gas-condensate pipelines

Low alloyed carbon steel is the only viable material of construction for long pipelines transporting unprocessed gas-condensate. The water that condenses is highly corrosive because it contains dissolved acid gases, i.e., CO2, H2S and organic acids like acetic and formic acid. The high velocity gas also contains droplets of water and condensate, and these will deposit if they hit the steel surface. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) injected to prevent ice and hydrates must be considered when predicting the composition and corrosivity of the aqueous phases in the pipeline. The liquids gathering at the bottom of the pipe have a higher heat capacity than the gas, and the temperature at the top of the pipe will be slightly lower than at the bottom. As the produced fluids cool during the transport from the hot wells to the process plant, water will condense on the cold pipe surface and more at the top than at the bottom. The literature on Top-of-line corrosion (ToLC) has grown steadily since the first reported case in 1960. There are also several prediction models for ToLC. This review is an overview of the main factors that cause ToLC and how these are modelled. Mass transfer from the aqueous phase at the bottom to the top contribute to the condensation. Despite the low MEG to water ratio in the gas due to the difference in vapour pressure, the fraction of MEG in the condensing water may be considerable. The concentration of MEG in the aqueous phase at the top depends on the mass transfer from bottom. The same is the case for organic acids. Liquid droplets entrained in the gas may deposit top of line and contribute to the chemistry of the aqueous phase. Models for ToLC must thus not only predict the composition of the condensing phases but also the mass transfer to be able to estimate the corrosion rate.

New Monoethylene-Glycol Sensor Validated by Flow Loop Under Hydrate-Forming Conditions

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202375, “Validation of a Novel MEG Sensor Employing a Pilot-Scale Subsea Jumper,” by Asheesh Kumar, The University of Western Australia; Mauricio Di Lorenzo, SPE, CSIRO Energy; and Bruce W.E. Norris, SPE, The University of Western Australia, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Online pipeline-management systems provide real-time and look-ahead functionality for production networks. They are limited, however, by a dearth of data with which to inform their predictions. This represents a barrier to a true, high-fidelity digital twin. Greater integration with new sensor technologies is needed to bound model predictions and improve their reliability. In this work, the authors present a novel monoethylene-glycol (MEG) sensing system and validate it in a specially constructed flow loop. Introduction Subsea jumpers experience a high probability of hydrate blockages. The most common practice used to avoid hydrate formation in subsea wellhead jumpers essentially is based on the injection of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors such as MEG and methanol at high flow rates to flush out and inhibit the water pooled in the low spots of the jumper spools. Such hydrate management operations in deep water require adequate planning to minimize unproductive time and may not be feasible in unplanned well shutdowns. To improve the models implemented in current sensing technologies and explore their potential for new functionalities to detect hydrate formation, measurements under realistic field conditions in a controlled environment are vital. In this work, a flow loop that replicates the geometry of industrial subsea jumpers was deployed to investigate the performance of a new MEG sensor for subsea applications under hydrate-forming conditions. Preliminary baseline experiments were performed at steady state and during gas-restart operations in the absence of any hydrates in the jumper flow loop. Experiments were performed at 64.4°F with nitrogen (N2) gas at 1,200 psig and superficial gas velocity ranges from 0.82 to 2.88 ft/s. The MEG-sensing system’s performance was investigated under hydrate-forming conditions with and without MEG (10–30 wt% in water) in the jumper test section. These experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 25.2 to 35.6°F. Experimental Flow Loop The flow loop consists of a test section connected to independent gas and liquid injection equipment at the inlet and gas-separation facilities at the outlet, which allows for continuous recirculation of gas and a once-through pass of the liquid. The test section has a complex geometry, with three identical low points (LPs) and two high points. The horizontal length of each low and high points is 12 ft, 10 in., and 7 ft, 7 in., respectively, and total height is 13 ft, 2 in. The test section is equipped with 12 pressure and temperature sensors distributed at regular intervals, a MEG sensor at the second LP, a throttling valve downstream of the first high point to mimic a wellhead choke, and a viewing window at the outlet.