Nitric oxide, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity of TEMPO terminated polyurethane dendrimers: Data supporting antioxidant activity of radical dendrimers

ABSTRACTObjective: This study was performed to identify the phytochemicals and comparatively evaluate the antioxidant activity of Calotropis procera andAzadirachta indica by detection of total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, and estimation of condensed tannins in differentsolvent systems and at different temperatures.Methods: Leaves of C. procera and A. indica were extracted in water, methanol by soaking dried leaf powder at room temperature and also by boilingthe leaf powder in water for 30 minutes. Phytochemical tests were performed in all of the extracts. The antioxidant activity was determined byhydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. Quantitative estimation of total phenolics and hydrolysable tannins was also performed.Results: The total phenolics in both leaf extracts was obtained maximum in boiled extract (40.7±1.20 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g dry extractin C. procera and 33.66±1.45 mg GAE/g dry extract in A. indica). The amount of hydrolysable tannins in both leaf extracts was found to be highest inmethanol (150±1.88 mg catechin equivalent/g dry extract in C. procera and 144.8±2.63 mg catechin equivalent/g dry extract in A. indica).Conclusion: The study showed promising results indicating that these plants are a good source of antioxidants. The majority of phytochemicals wereextracted in distilled water and methanol acts as a good solvent for extraction of tannins, whereas an increase in temperature leads to poor extractionof tannins.Keywords: Antioxidant, Phytochemicals, Phenolics, Radical, Tannins.© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.

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Phytochemical screening and In-vitro antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica extracts

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.2123 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 615

Author(s):

Mukesh Kumar Yadav ◽

Santosh Kumar Singh ◽

JS Tripathi ◽

YB Tripathi

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Phytochemical Screening

Centella asiatica also known as mandukparni or Indian pennywort or jalbrahmi, which has been used as a medicine in the Ayurveda from ancient times and mentioned in many classical texts of Ayurveda. Centella asiatica has long been used to improve memory and cognitive function.The study aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in different solvent extracts of Centella asiatica (i.e. PECA- Petroleum ether extract of C. asiatica, CCA- Chloroform extract of C. asiatica, EACA- Ethyl acetate extract of C. asiatica, ECA- Ethanolic extract of C. asiatica, HACA- Hydro-alcoholic extract of C. asiatica) and evaluate the respective in-vitro antioxidant potentials. The phytochemical screening of extracts was done with standardized procedures and the antioxidant potential of different solvent extracts of Centella asiatica was assessed by its free radical scavenging activity 2, 2-diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as well as hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay respectively for reducing capability.In all different solvent extracts of C. asiatica revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity as revealed by 2-2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay with EC50 values for ECA=128.752±1.85 μg/ml, HACA=274.884±1.21 μg/ml and hydrogen peroxide assay against the standard (Butylated hydroxytoluene) BHT, with the EC50 values ECA=429.69±0.92 μg/ml HACA=458.08±0.58 μg/ml while rest solvent extracts shown very less antioxidant activity. The present study indicates that the Centella asiatica extracts have good antioxidant activity which can be used in stress and anxiety and also a good source to be used as natural drugs.

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Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Citrus paradisi and Naringin -An In vitro Study

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research ◽

10.25258/phyto.v10i01.11925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

Author(s):

R Roghini ◽

K. Vijayalakshmi

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Free Radical ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Citrus Paradisi

The present study attempts to find naturally-occurring antioxidants of fruit-based which give efficacy by additive activities. Citrus paradisi, known as Grape fruit contains significant bioactive components such as Naringin. The present study examines the free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi and Naringin. The study was carried out with different radical scavenging assays like hydroxyl, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, super oxide. Citrus paradisi extracts showed lower radical scavenging activities in assays such as DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl when compared with Naringin. Naringin showed the higher radical scavenging effect with nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide in comparison with citrus paradisi extract. However, both were analysed by using ascorbic acid as standard. The current study gives evidence that both showed potential free radical scavenging activity.

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PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN-VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.13675 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Archana Sakthi

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽

Peroxide Radical ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Nitric Oxide Radical ◽

Glycyrrhiza Glabra L

ABSTRACT: Obesity is an international health problem caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Herbal supplements have proved to be active against obesity. Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to the family of Fabaceae. Glycyrrhiza glabra was used traditionally to treat various diseases. Hence the current study was planned to investigate the phytochemicals and antioxidants present in Glycyrrhiza glabra. Materials and Methods: The preliminary qualitative, quantitative phytochemicals and antioxidants were investigated from the root extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Results: The preliminary qualitative analysis of various extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed the presence of Phenols, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and Quinones. Quantitative analysis of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed elevated amounts of phenols, flavonoids and tannins in ethanolic extracts. The Aqueous, ethanol, hydro alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra showed 211±2.64, 281.66±1.57, 263±14.2 mg of phenols, 152.66±3.05, 187.33±1.52, 183.33±3.05 mg of flavonoids, 21.33±0.57, 41±3.46, 34.3±1.15 mg of Tannins, 42.33±2.05, 63.33±1.52, 36.33±1.57 mg of terpenoids. The antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric Oxide radical (NO), Superoxide radical (SO), Hydrogen peroxide radical (H2O2), Hydroxyl radical (HO) Scavenging activity. The IC50 value of Glycyrrhiza glabra is 120 µg/ml for DPPH, 208 µg/ml for (NO), 196 µg/ml for (SO), 148 µg/ml for (H2O2), and 252 µg/ml for (OH). Invitro method suggests that Glycyrrhiza glabra is more powerful against nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion: This preliminary study shows that Glycyrrhiza glabra is a promising herb with many phytochemicals and antioxidants it can be further investigated for its antiobesity potential.Key words: Glycyrrhiza glabra L., phytochemicals, antioxidant and obesity.

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Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Different Bioactive Fractions Present in Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Root Extract: An in-vitro Approach

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1230567 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 99-107

Author(s):

Mohammad Khalid ◽

Mohammed H. Alqarni ◽

Ahmed I. Foudah ◽

Juber Akhtar ◽

Badruddeen . ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Boerhavia Diffusa

Aim and Objectives: Boerhavia diffusa (B. diffusa) frequently known as punarnava is specifically used to replenish the body. The present work was designed to evaluate the scavenging potential of its bioactive constituents. Materials and Methods: The different fractions of B. diffusa root methanolic extract were examined for phenolic, flavonoids contents, DPPH free radical and Nitric oxide scavenging activities. Further antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS free radical scavenging method and also from the reducing potential scavenging activity. The total phenolic content in different fractions by using various solvent like ethanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol were carried out to find the antioxidant activities. Results: The phenolic content was highest in ethanolic fraction that was significantly comparable with ascorbic acid. The flavonoid content was highest in ethanol fraction (41.93 ± 3.92 µg/mL) followed by n-butanol fraction (31.68 ± 1.72 µg/mL), then ethyl acetate fraction (29.67 ± 2.83 µg/mL) and least in chloroform fraction (16.91 ± 2.74 µg/mL). The ethanolic fraction of B. diffusa also showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (101.29 ± 3.78) when compared with other fractions of same extract using different solvent phases. Moreover the nitric oxide scavenging activity of ethanolic fraction was maximum (82.31 ± 2.83) than different fractions. The ethanolic fraction also showed improved ABTS radical scavenging activity (81.73 ± 2.73 mg/mL) while chloroform fraction showed poor ABTS radical cation scavenging activity (29.51 ± 2.79 mg/mL). Conclusions: The study concludes that Boerhavia diffusa has rich and ample source of phenolic acid and flavonoids. Among all fractions the ethanolic has potent antioxidant activity, which shows its significance for a better novel approach.

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Antioxidant Activity Profiling of Acetonic Extract of Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) Seeds in Different In-Vitro Models

The Open Food Science Journal ◽

10.2174/1874256402012010003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8

Author(s):

Neha Yadav ◽

Ajay Pal ◽

Sonam Sihag ◽

Nagesh C.R

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Metal Chelation ◽

Syzygium Cumini

Background: Syzygium cumini L., commonly known as Jamun, black-plum, and Indian blackberry, is one of the most widely distributed trees in India with booming medical benefits and possesses antioxidant, anticancer and anti-diabetic properties. It belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Despite countless phytochemicals, seeds are not consumed and are the waste part of Jamun fruit. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of phenolics from Jamun seeds against a bundle of oxidant moieties. Methods: The 50% acetone extract of Jamun seeds was investigated for in-vitro antioxidant profiling. Assays include free radical scavenging activity, metal chelation activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, total reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. Results: The extract depicted maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity followed by ABTS radical scavenging activity. Hefty metal chelation and nitric oxide scavenging activity were recorded while lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and OH- scavenging activity was intermediate. Conclusion: Jamun seed showed ample antioxidant activity and certifies that it is the right candidate for exploitation as a source of natural antioxidants to counteract autoxidation-induced pathologies or diseases.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF SUCCESSIVE EXTRACTS OF ALYSICARPUS VAGINALIS VAR. NUMMULARIFOLIUS (DC.) MIQ

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i6.16814 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Susan Kurian ◽

Leenamma Joseph ◽

Josekumar V. S.

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Free Radical ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Scavenging Activity

Objective: The present study was carried to evaluate free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical analysis of successive extraction with hexane (AVH), ethyl acetate (AVE) and methanol (AVM) of Alysicarpus vaginalis var. nummularifolius (DC.) MIQ., a herb used in home remedies.Methods: The entire plant was dried and powdered, successively extracted (soxhlet apparatus) and concentrated using rotary vacuum evaporator. The extracts were quantitatively analyzed for phytochemicals like total phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrates following standard methods. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated with DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging reactions.Results: The quantitative phytochemical studies of the crude extracts showed that AVM extract with highest phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid and carbohydrate content which is followed by AVE and AVH. The IC50 values of AVH, AVE and AVM for scavenging DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were 589.21±0.09 µg/ml, 254.65±0.08 µg/ml and 261.40±0.08 µg/ml; 533.81±0.09 µg/ml, 362.07±0.09 µg/ml and 456.36±0.08 µ/ml; 464.66±0.08 µg/ml, 380.29±0.08 µg/ml and 367.6±0.08 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The present study revealed that AVM extracts having high polyphenolic compounds when compared with AVE and AVH. The free radical scavenging reaction was greater in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. This suggests that due to the high antioxidant reactions, these extracts can be useful for the treatment of oxidative stress–related diseases.

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STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FORMONONETIN BY IN VITRO METHOD

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i2.13964 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 273

Author(s):

V. J. Vishnuvathan ◽

K. S. Lakshmi ◽

A. R. Srividya

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Superoxide Radical ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Nitric Oxide Radical

Objective: Now the important field of research in phytomedicine is to search a new plant source as well as new phytoconstituents that have fewer side effects and low cost with the free radical scavenging activity. Methods: Different in vitro models such as DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radical, nitric oxide radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity were performed using different concentrations of formononetin ranging from 0.1-50 μg/ml.Results: Formononetin showed only 84.39% inhibitory activity against DPPH radical and it was found to be 16 % less than the butylated hydroxytoluene with the IC 50 value of 4.65 μg/ml concentration. In scavenging hydroxyl radicals, formononetin inhibited only 67.63% with the IC50 value of 9.48 μg/ml concentration and it showed 12 % lesser inhibitory activity than standard alpha-tocopherol. Formononetin could able to scavenge maximum 73.53% of hydrogen peroxide radicals with the IC50 value of 4.75 μg/ml and its activity of scavenging hydrogen peroxide were found to be 10 % less than the standard ascorbic acid. Formononetin showed 94.33 % nitric oxide radical inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 5.0 μg/ml and it showed 6% lesser activity when compared to standard quercetin. Formononetin showed 94.79 % activity against the scavenging of superoxide radical with the IC50 value of 4.27 μg/ml. Superoxide inhibitory activity of formononetin was 5.3 %less than the standard quercetin.Conclusion: All these results suggested that, formononetin is a good natural antioxidant which is capable of scavenging almost all types of free radicals. So this could be used to treat various diseases like diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancers, the aging and cardiovascular disease which is being caused by free radicals.

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In vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF AN INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANT – Pterospermum rubiginosum

Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.18006/2021.9(5).687.696 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 687-696

Author(s):

Rajamohanan J Anish ◽

◽

Arun A Rauf ◽

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Cellular Viability ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The current study was carried out to determine the antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory activity, and cellular viability of Pterospermum rubiginosum (PR), a tropical tree endemic to the Western Ghats. The antioxidant activities of the PR bark methanolic (PRME) and aqueous extract (PRAQ) were tested using ABTS as well as superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical assays. Total antioxidant activity was evaluated by adopting the colorimetric method and correlation with their antioxidant activities was derived by Pearson co-efficient analysis. The PRME showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity, EC50 (46.09µg/ml) followed by PRAQ (52.08µg/ml). Furthermore, the PRME exhibited the highest scavenging activity against superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. The MTT assay results revealed good cellular viability up to a concentration of 100µg/ml with an EC50 (106.869µg/ml). The inflammatory mediators such as Cox-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-kB were reduced during the treatment of PRME in LPS stimulated RAW cells. The stress marker in rat liver cells such as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels was found in normal levels when compared to the untreated group of rats. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and catalase also exhibited notable bioactivity in PRME treated groups up to a concentration of 1000µg/ml. The present study showed excellent In vitro and In vivo antioxidant activity; the potent anti-inflammatory ability of PRME in reducing the LPS induced inflammation in cell culture conditions.

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Antioxidant Activity in Rheum emodi Wall (Himalayan Rhubarb)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2555

Author(s):

Sang Koo Park ◽

Yoon Kyung Lee

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Polyphenol Content ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Ic50 Values

Using natural products as antioxidant agents has been beneficial to replace synthetic products. Efforts have been made to profile the antioxidant capacities of natural resources, such as medicinal plants. The polyphenol content of Himalayan rhubarb, Rheum emodi wall, was measured and the antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and ABTS+ assay, and the oxidative stress was assessed using SOD enzymatic assay. Five different solvent fractions, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and water, were used for screening the antioxidant capacity in effort to determine the optimum extraction solvent. The total phenolic contents for R. emodi fractions ranged from 27.76 to 209.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight. DPPH and ABTS+ assay results are presented into IC50 values, ranged from 21.52 to 2448.79 μg/mL and 90.25 to 1718.05 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity among other fractions. Also, n-butanol and water fractions showed significantly lower IC50 values than the positive control in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The IC50 values of SOD assay of fractions ranged from 2.31 to 64.78 μg/mL. A similar result was observed with ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest SOD radical scavenging activity. The study suggests that the ethyl acetate fraction of R. emodi possess the strongest antioxidant activity, thus the most efficient in extracting antioxidant contents. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was shown between total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity screening assays. The compounds related to the antioxidant activity of R. emodi were identified to myricitrin, myricetin 3-galloyl rhamnoside, and myricetin, which have not been reported in studies about R. emodi before.

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