scholarly journals Divalent nitrogen-rich cationic salts with great gas production capacities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Gu ◽  
Cheng-chuang Li ◽  
Chang-hao Dai ◽  
Dong-xu Chen ◽  
Hong-wei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Capacities

scholarly journals Multiple-criteria decision analysis for cross-country gas pipelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 03010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Sukharev ◽  
Ruslan Popov ◽  
Anton Balchenko
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Optimization Task ◽  
Gas Pumping ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Planning Problems ◽  
Gas Supply

The paper considers the shortand medium-term planning problems of the regimes of multi-line technical gas pipeline corridors (MLGP) of Russian gas supply system. The fall in gas production due to the depletion of the gas fields leads to a decrease in the load of some operating MLGPs. At the same time, there is a redundancy of production capacities at compressor stations (CS). It becomes possible to use various technological schemes for incorporating CS with lines "pass by" in order to reduce the cost of gas pumping. The solution of the optimization task for the search for MLGP regimes in a one-criterion (minimum of the energy cost) formulation leads to frequent equipment switching. That is unacceptable. Therefore, it is advisable to proceed to multi-criteria statements, formalizing and introducing as criteria the requirements for the stability of technological schemes for switching on equipment, which are usually respected by the dispatch services. The purpose of this article is the development and testing of mathematical models and a computer program to support the adoption of dispatch solutions for managing modes of large MLGPs under conditions of incomplete loading. The solution method is demonstrated by the example of a three-line MLGP. The choice of optimal control is carried out using dynamic programming methods. In order to improve the quality of the choice of control actions, an algorithm is suggested that takes into account the stochastic nature of the loading of the MLGP.

scholarly journals CO2 Utilization Technologies: A Techno-Economic Analysis for Synthetic Natural Gas Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Szima ◽  
Calin-Cristian Cormos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Renewable Hydrogen

Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) offers an alternative way to valorize captured CO2 from energy intensive industrial processes or from a dedicated CO2 grid. This paper presents an energy-efficient way for synthetic natural gas production using captured CO2 and renewable hydrogen. Considering several renewable hydrogen production sources, a techno-economic analysis was performed to find a promising path toward its practical application. In the paper, the five possible renewable hydrogen sources (photo fermentation, dark fermentation, biomass gasification, bio photolysis, and PV electrolysis) were compared to the two reference cases (steam methane reforming and water electrolysis) from an economic stand point using key performance indicators. Possible hydrogen production capacities were also considered for the evaluation. From a technical point of view, the SNG process is an efficient process from both energy efficiency (about 57%) and CO2 conversion rate (99%). From the evaluated options, the photo-fermentation proved to be the most attractive with a levelized cost of synthetic natural gas of 18.62 €/GJ. Considering the production capacities, this option loses its advantageousness and biomass gasification becomes more attractive with a little higher levelized cost at 20.96 €/GJ. Both results present the option when no CO2 credit is considered. As presented, the CO2 credits significantly improve the key performance indicators, however, the SNG levelized cost is still higher than natural gas prices.

THE EU SUGAR MARKET PROFILE AND ITS MAIN DRIVERS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubos SMUTKA ◽  
Irena BENEŠOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ ◽  
Renata MATYSIK-PEJAS
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Current System ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Eu

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.

EUROPEAN UNION´S SUGAR MARKET CONCENTRATION UNDER THE SUGAR QUOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľuboš SMUTKA ◽  
Helena ŘEZBOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
Current Production ◽  
High Dynamic ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Eu

The European sugar beet quota system is in very high dynamic process in recent years. The number of sugar companies involved in this system has been constantly decreasing. The aim of this paper is to define subjects (companies/alliances), which possess the current production capacities working under the production quotas system. The paper is determining especially the level of beet sugar production quota holder system concentration using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. The paper provides the following findings. The European quota holder system is extremely concentrated and it is becoming more and more dominated by fewer players. Sugar quota is distributed among 19 EU-Member States. In this regard, the quota is generous, especially in relation to France, Germany, Poland and United Kingdom. In Finland, Lithuania, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and the United Kingdom controlled by two or even one subject (companies, alliances). There is a large discrepancy between political efforts to distribute equitable R 1308/2013-sugar quotas among states and the actual reality of those distributions. While the EU-quota holder system does not indicate an extreme concentration, an analysis according to the headquarters´ location and allocated quotas to owners of production capacities provides the evidence of extreme concentration.

THERMAL PLASMA GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS FOR FUEL GAS PRODUCTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Hrabovsky ◽  
M. Hlina ◽  
M. Konrad ◽  
Vladimir Kopecky ◽  
T. Kavka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Plasma ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Plasma Gasification
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