scholarly journals Comparing group performance over time through the Luenberger productivity indicator: An application to school ownership in European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Aparicio ◽  
Lidia Ortiz ◽  
Daniel Santín
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Luenberger Productivity Indicator ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Biomarker testing and mutation prevalence in metastatic colorectal cancer patients in five European countries using a large oncology database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kafatos ◽  
Victoria Banks ◽  
Peter Burdon ◽  
David Neasham ◽  
Caroline Anger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Braf Mutation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Biomarker Testing ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients ◽  
Over Time

Background: The literature on biomarker testing for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Europe is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the percentage of mCRC patients from five European countries tested for biomarkers over time. Materials & methods: An oncology database was retrospectively analyzed; evaluated biomarkers were RAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability (MSI). The patients were drug treated during 2018 and tested for relevant biomarkers in 2013–2018. Results: RAS testing was conducted in >90% of mCRC patients from 2014 onwards. BRAF testing increased from 31% of mCRC patients in 2013 to 67% in 2018. MSI testing increased from 10 to 41%. There was no notable trend over time for RAS and BRAF mutation or MSI-high prevalence. Conclusion: Biomarker testing among patients diagnosed with mCRC was increased over time. This study demonstrates the quick uptake of biomarker testing in clinical practice. These findings are significant as biomarker-based drugs are becoming more common.

scholarly journals Variation in the prices of oncology medicines across Europe and the implications for the future

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
Brian Godman ◽  
Steven Simoens ◽  
Amanj Kurdi ◽  
Gisbert Selke ◽  
John Yfantopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Oral Oncology ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ageing Populations

Introduction/Objectives: Health authorities are facing increasing challenges to the sustainability of their healthcare systems because of the growing expenditures on medicines, including new, high-priced oncology medicines, and changes in disease prevalence in their ageing populations. Medicine prices in European countries are greatly affected by the ability to negotiate reasonable prices. Concerns have been expressed that prices of patented medicines do not fall sufficiently after the introduction of lower-cost generic oncology medicines. The objective of this study was to examine the associations over time in selected European countries between the prices of oral oncology medicines, population size, and gross domestic product (GDP) before and after the introduction of generic versions. Evidence of periodic reassessments of the price, value, and place in treatment of these medicines was also looked for. The goal of this review was to stimulate debate about possible improvements in approaches to reimbursement negotiations. Methodology: Analysis was performed of reimbursed prices of three oral oncology medicines (imatinib, erlotinib and fludarabine) between 2013 and 2017 across Europe. Correlations were explored between GDP, population size, and prices. Findings were compared with previous research regarding prices of generic oral oncology medicines. Results: The prices of imatinib, erlotinib and fludarabine varied among European countries, and there was limited price erosion over time in the absence of generics. There appeared to be no correlation between population size and price, but higher prices of on-patent oral cancer medicines were seen among countries with higher GDP per capita. Conclusion: Limited price erosion for patented medicines contributed to increases in oncology medicine budgets across the region. There was also a concerning lack of evidence re-assessments of the price, value, and place in treatment of patented oncology medicines following the loss of patent protection of standard medicines. The use of such proactive re-assessments in negotiating tactics might positively impact global expenditures for oncology medicines.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: II. Within-Subject Comparisons

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
College Male ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Over Time

Five groups each of 10 college male Ss were given the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000): a control group received 10¢ each reinforcement, two groups were given different systematically increasing amounts and two groups were given systematically decreasing-sized payment schedules. The last 4 groups began at the same level as the control group, i.e., of 10¢ for each of the first 3 payments. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through a ⅝-in. distance, for 1 hr. Compared with control group performance, the decreasing-magnitude schedules elicited more markedly decreasing performance over time as predicted. The increasing-magnitude groups were at first inconsistent in performance, but upon repetition of one of the increasing schedules and adding a third, it was found that increasing schedules evoked performances generally higher than those of the control group, although the differences in performance compared with that of the control group were not statistically significant.

The puzzles of union density in Norway

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Nergaard ◽  
Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Nordic Region ◽  
Insurance Funds ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

The level of union density in Norway is medium high, in contrast to the other Nordic countries where high density levels are supported by unemployment insurance funds. Developments in union density over time are stable in Norway, contrary to developments in most western European countries outside the Nordic region. This article traces the effects of unemployment insurance funds by comparing density levels in Norway with those in Finland and Sweden. In addition, the stability witnessed in union density in Norway over time is a particularly puzzling phenomenon, and the authors seek to explain it on the basis of specific institutional and labour market factors.

scholarly journals Effect of change of natural efficiency indicators for profitability of broiler chicken fattening

2012 ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
István Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Western European ◽  
A Company ◽  
Efficiency Indicators ◽  
Over Time

I consider it important that the fattening of broiler producers in an economic sense to remain alive in the present difficult situation. This does not mean to me, that just does not generate a loss, but they do remain in their activities after income. Because if you do not have sufficient income in a given sector then the technology becomes obsolete over time and income deficit due to the possible improvements are still lagging behind, resulting in competitive disadvantages occur. The natural efficiency remains a priority, because fundamentally determine our competitiveness in the broiler production. In the present study, scenario analysis can prove the veracity of my claim, in point of the three most important natural efficiency indicators. The natural efficiency indicators of a company compared to the natural effectiveness of our country and the our competitions (Western-European countries).

scholarly journals Collective motion diminishes, but variation between groups emerges, through time in fish shoals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. A. MacGregor ◽  
Christos C. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Group Speed ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Despite extensive interest in the dynamic interactions between individuals that drive collective motion in animal groups, the dynamics of collective motion over longer time frames are understudied. Using three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, randomly assigned to 12 shoals of eight fish, we tested how six key traits of collective motion changed over shorter (within trials) and longer (between days) timescales under controlled laboratory conditions. Over both timescales, groups became less social with reduced cohesion, polarization, group speed and information transfer. There was consistent inter-group variation (i.e. collective personality variation) for all collective motion parameters, but groups also differed in how their collective motion changed over days in their cohesion, polarization, group speed and information transfer. This magnified differences between groups, suggesting that over time the ‘typical’ collective motion cannot be easily characterized. Future studies are needed to understand whether such between-group differences in changes over time are adaptive and represent improvements in group performance or are suboptimal but represent a compromise between individuals in their preferences for the characteristics of collective behaviour.

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