Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: II. Within-Subject Comparisons

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
College Male ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Over Time

Five groups each of 10 college male Ss were given the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000): a control group received 10¢ each reinforcement, two groups were given different systematically increasing amounts and two groups were given systematically decreasing-sized payment schedules. The last 4 groups began at the same level as the control group, i.e., of 10¢ for each of the first 3 payments. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through a ⅝-in. distance, for 1 hr. Compared with control group performance, the decreasing-magnitude schedules elicited more markedly decreasing performance over time as predicted. The increasing-magnitude groups were at first inconsistent in performance, but upon repetition of one of the increasing schedules and adding a third, it was found that increasing schedules evoked performances generally higher than those of the control group, although the differences in performance compared with that of the control group were not statistically significant.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: III. Piecework-Payment and Time-Payment Comparisons

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
College Male ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Time Basis

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were given different money reinforcement schedules in single 1-hr. work periods for each S (following a combination of “pretests” and a questionnaire, used for reasons described). The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8-in. distance. The control group was paid at a rate of 10¢ for each 1000 pulls. The test Ss were paid in advance with instructions that they had the job of working at the machine for 1 hr, if they wished (though they were required to remain in the room) and were given the maximum rate of pay ($1.50 per hour) which it was anticipated the control Ss might earn. The test Ss were told that their work “may provide information on which to base later studies.” As predicted, the control Ss showed markedly greater output (approximately 100% greater) than that obtained from Ss paid in advance, on a time basis.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: IV. Temporally Extended Within-S Comparisons

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
Reinforcement Level ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
The Mean

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were recruited, to be given 5 successive, weekly, 1-hr. work sessions, each following a 20-min. “pre-test” and a questionnaire. These 1-hr. work sessions were all rewarded at the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000). The control group was continued throughout each of the 5 sessions at 15¢ each reinforcement. The test group was, for the first session, given 15¢ each reinforcement and then the reinforcement level was systematically lowered for each next session by 3¢, thus resulting in levels of 12¢, 9¢, 6¢, and 3¢ for Sessions 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. distance. Counting the output of only those Ss keeping their appointments for any given session, the mean work output of the decreasing-magnitude group showed a statistically significant, poorer maintenance of work-performance level than did the control group. Counting failures to keep appointments as zero performances for each group, the test group showed even more markedly poor maintenance of output over the 5 sessions.

Effect of Size and Frequency of Money Reinforcement on Human Operant (Work) Behavior

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-269E ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Work Output ◽  
College Males ◽  
Work Period ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
Monetary Payoff ◽  
Constant Tension

40 college males were assigned by counterbalancing to four equal groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design which involved mean ratios of reinforcement of 1/500 and 1/2500, and magnitudes of monetary payoff of 1¢ and 25¢. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. Analysis of variance showed significantly smaller work output for the 1¢ groups and for the 1/2500 ratio groups, for the 30-min. work period.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽  
Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Caio Henrique Turco ◽  
Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽  
Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

scholarly journals Patterns of anxiety and distress over 12 months following participation in HPV primary screening

2021 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2020-054780
Author(s):  
Laura A V Marlow ◽  
Emily McBride ◽  
Deborah Ridout ◽  
Alice S Forster ◽  
Henry Kitchener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Normal Cytology ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesMany countries are now using primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for cervical screening, testing for high-risk HPV and using cytology as triage. An HPV-positive result can have an adverse psychological impact, at least in the short term. In this paper, we explore the psychological impact of primary HPV screening over 12 months.MethodsWomen were surveyed soon after receiving their results (n=1133) and 6 (n=762) and 12 months (n=537) later. Primary outcomes were anxiety (Short-Form State Anxiety Inventory-6) and distress (General Health Questionnaire-12). Secondary outcomes included concern, worry about cervical cancer and reassurance. Mixed-effects regression models were used to explore differences at each time point and change over time across four groups according to their baseline result: control (HPV negative/HPV cleared/normal cytology and not tested for HPV); HPV positive with normal cytology; HPV positive with abnormal cytology; and HPV persistent (ie, second consecutive HPV-positive result).ResultsWomen who were HPV positive with abnormal cytology had the highest anxiety scores at baseline (mean=42.2, SD: 15.0), but this had declined by 12 months (mean=37.0, SD: 11.7) and was closer to being within the ‘normal’ range (scores between 34 and 36 are considered ‘normal’). This group also had the highest distress at baseline (mean=3.3, SD: 3.8, scores of 3+ indicate case-level distress), but the lowest distress at 12 months (mean=1.9, SD: 3.1). At 6 and 12 months, there were no between-group differences in anxiety or distress for any HPV-positive result group when compared with the control group. The control group were less concerned and more reassured about their result at 6 and 12 months than the HPV-positive with normal cytology group.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the initial adverse impact of an HPV-positive screening result on anxiety and distress diminishes over time. Specific concerns about the result may be longer lasting and efforts should be made to address them.

Involuntary Memories of War-Related Scenes in Veterans With PTSD

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262199454
Author(s):  
Søren Risløv Staugaard ◽  
Annette Kjær Fuglsang ◽  
Dorthe Berntsen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Affect Intensity ◽  
General Control ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Involuntary Memories ◽  
Over Time

Studies suggest that general control deficits and elevated affect intensity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) extend beyond memory for the index trauma. However, few researchers have pursued this possibility experimentally by examining memory for novel events. We used an experimental design to measure the frequency and characteristics of involuntary memories over time. Veterans with and without PTSD saw pictures of neutral and war-related scenes. Half of the participants completed an involuntary-retrieval task immediately after encoding, whereas the other half completed the retrieval task after 1 week. Veterans with PTSD had stronger emotional reactions to their involuntary memories of the scenes regardless of their original valence. The emotional impact and specificity of the memories did not diminish over time in PTSD veterans but did so in the control group. The findings are consistent with an increased emotional response to a range of memories that include—but are not limited to—memories of traumatic events.

Stimulation Seeking Throughout Seven Days of Sensory Deprivation

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seward Smith ◽  
Thomas I. Myers ◽  
Eugene Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Enlisted Men ◽  
Over Time

60 volunteer Naval enlisted men participated in a study of 7-day, individual isolation. 40 Ss lived in small, dark, quiet rooms with little to do (SD). The other 20 served in a live-in-the-lab control group (C) with ad lib. access to lights, recreational materials, and intercom conversation with another C S if mutually desired. 19 SD Ss, but only 1 C S, requested early release. Pre-, during-, and post-isolation tests were given. In a test of stimulation seeking, boring stock reports could be heard during a 1-hr. period on each of Days 1, 4, and 7 of isolation. SD Ss selected to listen significantly more than Cs on Days 4 and 7, with the differences increasing over time. Day 1 listening (about 6 hr. after isolation began) predicted who would later request release. In the discussion, currently available stimulation-seeking data are summarized and integrated.

Quantifying Coronal Permanent Tooth Discoloration Caused by Different Pulpotomy Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
Hanaa Azem ◽  
Sigalit Blumer ◽  
Benjamin Peretz ◽  
Sohad Haj-Yahya ◽  
Shlomo Elbahary
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Permanent Tooth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Tooth Discoloration ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Bioceramic materials, gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA, WMTA), have been shown to have high rates of success in various endodontic applications. A major drawback is their tendency to discolor teeth compared to Biodentine (BD), that has been claimed not to discolor teeth. The aim of this study was to compare tooth discoloration after applying different pulpotomy base materials (BD, GMTA and WMTA). Study design: Forty human incisors teeth were used in this study. Coronal access was achieved by a Tungsten Carbide drill, and the pulp chambers were accessed and chemo-mechanically debrided. Each material was placed in the pulp chamber, up to the cervical sectioning level. All specimens were incubated at 37°C and 100% humidity for three months and have been evaluated before the study and weekly. Color was assessed according to the CIE L*a*b* color space system. Results: ΔE of all experimental groups (GMTA, WMTA and BD) were significantly different from the control group at all time points (P&lt;0.05). Color changes in the GMTA and WMTA groups, had no statistically significant differences, but showed higher discoloration compared to BD group in the cervical part of the crown, since week 1 (P&lt;0.05). WMTA group showed significant discoloration in the cervical part as of week 1 (P&lt;0.05), and gradually increased over time (Figure 2). BD group showed no significantly discoloration over time. GMTA group showed the significant discoloration at week 1 and week 14 (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: both GMTA and WMTA pulpotomy materials may discolor tooth structure over time in an extracted permanent anterior tooth model. When choosing bioceramic pulpotomy material, BD may be preferable in esthetic area.

Short-term exercise training can improve myocardial tolerance to I/R without elevation in heat shock proteins

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. H1346-H1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn L. Hamilton ◽  
Scott K. Powers ◽  
Takao Sugiura ◽  
Sunjoo Kim ◽  
Shannon Lennon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Mnsod Activity ◽  
Over Time

We examined the effects of 3 days of exercise in a cold environment on the expression of left ventricular (LV) heat shock proteins (HSPs) and contractile performance during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups ( n = 12/group): 1) control, 2) exercise (60 min/day) at 4°C (E-Cold), and 3) exercise (60 min/day) at 25°C (E-Warm). Left anterior descending coronary occlusion was maintained for 20 min, followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Compared with the control group, both the E-Cold and E-Warm groups maintained higher ( P < 0.05) LV developed pressure, first derivative of pressure development over time (+dP/d t), and pressure relaxation over time (−dP/d t) throughout I/R. Relative levels of HSP90, HSP72, and HSP40 were higher ( P < 0.05) in E-Warm animals compared with both control and E-Cold. HSP10, HSP60, and HSP73 did not differ between groups. Exercise increased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity in both E-Warm and E-Cold hearts ( P < 0.05). Protection against I/R-induced lipid peroxidation in the LV paralleled the increase in MnSOD activity whereas lower levels of lipid peroxidation were observed in both E-Warm and E-Cold groups compared with control. We conclude that exercise-induced myocardial protection against a moderate duration I/R insult is not dependent on increases in myocardial HSPs. We postulate that exercise-associated cardioprotection may depend, in part, on increases in myocardial antioxidant defenses.

scholarly journals Methylene blue improves hemodynamic shock but increases lipoperoxidation in severe acute pancreatitis pig model

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ferreira Meirelles Jr ◽  
Reginaldo Ceneviva ◽  
Fernanda Viaro ◽  
Caroline Floreoto Baldo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Bolus Dose ◽  
Serum Amylase ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hemodynamic Pattern ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Over Time

PURPOSE: Study hemodynamic pattern and lipoperoxidation during methylene blue (MB) treatment on taurocholate - enterokinase induced acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: Thirty pigs were equally divided in control group; MB group; AP group; MB previous AP group; and MB after 90 min of induced AP group. MB was given iv in a bolus dose (2mg.kg-1) followed by maintenance dose (2 mg.kg-1.h-1). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded continuously during 180 min by Swan-Ganz catheter. Blood samples were taken every 60 min to determine arterial and venous nitrate, malondialdehyde (MDA) and amylase. Pancreatic tissue was removed for histopathologic study. RESULTS: In AP group MBP and CO decreased over time 33% (p<0.05) and 52% (p<0.05), respectively. In MB previous induced-AP group, there was 70 minutes delay (p<0.05) to decrease MBP and CO. In MB group arterial and venous nitrite decreased (p<0.05) over time. MB infusion increased (p>0.05) serum MDA when associated to AP. After induced AP, MB did not reverse MBP and CO decrease. There was no difference in serum amylase and necro-hemorrhagic findings with MB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this taurocholate-induced AP model MB treatment delayed hemodynamic shock and decreases serum nitrate levels but increases serum MDA levels. No volemic replacement was done and it may have been a mitigated factor to a poor tissue perfusion and impairment microcirculation. Further investigations are needed to elucidate MB treatment role during AP treatment.

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