Fast and Accurate Determination of the Electroactive Surface Area of MnOx

2021 ◽  
pp. 138692
Author(s):  
Muhamad H. Aufa ◽  
Sebastian A. Watzele ◽  
Shujin Hou ◽  
Richard W. Haid ◽  
Regina M. Kluge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Electroactive Surface Area

Estimating the surface area of spruce and pine foliage from displaced volume and length

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1305-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Regression Technique ◽  
Forest Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Needle Morphology ◽  
Sectional Shape

Accurate determination of the surface area of needle-leaved trees is a basic requirement for many types of physiological or growth analysis studies in forest research. While many methods are available to estimate surface area, there is still a need for an accurate, rapid measurement technique for species with three- or four-sided needle morphology. I propose a regression technique with length and displaced volume as the independent variables. The regression technique is an improvement over the use of displaced volume and length in direct geometric calculation as it does not assume a constant needle morphology. The regression technique gives more accurate results than direct calculation, is comparable in precision, and is necessary to counter bias where variation in the cross-sectional shape of foliage is related to the treatment or variable under study. Use of regression, however, requires that a subsample of foliage, representing the range of conditions to be studied, be sectioned and measured directly for surface area to develop the estimation equation.

Determination of Electroactive Surface Area of Ni-, Co-, Fe-, and Ir-Based Oxide Electrocatalysts

ACS Catalysis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 9222-9230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Watzele ◽  
Pascal Hauenstein ◽  
Yunchang Liang ◽  
Song Xue ◽  
Johannes Fichtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electroactive Surface Area

55 Designing and Implementing an Obese Lund and Browder: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S39-S40
Author(s):  
Taylor Schoenborn ◽  
Mini Thomas ◽  
Kelsey Miller-Willis ◽  
Rita Frerk ◽  
Nicole O Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Burn Care ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction Accurate determination of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned is an essential element for the clinical management of burn care. The Lund and Browder (LB) is a tool that allows practitioners to calculate the TBSA burned, which is used to determine fluid needs, nutritional requirements, and graft site availability. Studies have shown that individuals with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 have an increase in surface area in the trunk and lower extremities, making the applicability of the traditional LB less accurate. The objective of this study was to develop and implement an electronic obese LB and compare it to the traditional LB. Methods Using the paper by Williams et al. as a guide, an obese LB was constructed for each body type: android, gynecoid and mixed (Table 1). Based on the patients BMI, the hospital’s Electronic Medical Record (EMR) would direct staff to the appropriate LB. All providers were formally trained on the obese LB, body types and changes in body surface area measurements. A retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted from January 2020 to September 2020 with a BMI≥30 was conducted. The BMI, body type, and location of burn was analyzed for each patient. The TBSA burned was recalculated for each patient using the traditional LB and compared to the obese LB completed at admission. Results A total of nineteen patients had a BMI≥30 and an admission obese LB completed. The TBSA burned ranged from 0.25–78.5%. The difference in TBSA burned calculated by the traditional and obese LB was 4.2±8.8 % (Figure 1). In patients with burns to the trunk or lower extremities (n=7) a difference of 12±10.5% was observed. Conclusions Limited research exists demonstrating the use of a standardized obese LB in clinical practice. No patient complications were identified with the use of the developed obese LB. Evaluation of the data revealed that the traditional LB often underestimated the TBSA burned in obese patients with burns to the trunk and/or lower extremities. This could lead to under-resuscitation and complications related to hypovolemia. In addition, expectations on patient survival and outcomes become inaccurate. As obesity grows in prevalence having a LB that recognizes the difference in surface area observed in the trunk and lower extremities can improve patient outcomes. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to gain a greater understanding of the clinical impact of an obese LB. We have shown that accurate determination of the burn area in obese patients can be done in a standardized fashion within the EMR.

A quantitative approach to inner shell losses

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
D.F. Mayers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
Core Excitation ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Cross Section Differential ◽  
Bound Electrons

Microanalysis by EELS has been developing rapidly and though the general form of the spectrum is now understood there is a need to put the technique on a more quantitative basis (1,2). Certain aspects important for microanalysis include: (i) accurate determination of the partial cross sections, σx(α,ΔE) for core excitation when scattering lies inside collection angle a and energy range ΔE above the edge, (ii) behavior of the background intensity due to excitation of less strongly bound electrons, necessary for extrapolation beneath the signal of interest, (iii) departures from the simple hydrogenic K-edge seen in L and M losses, effecting σx and complicating microanalysis. Such problems might be approached empirically but here we describe how computation can elucidate the spectrum shape.The inelastic cross section differential with respect to energy transfer E and momentum transfer q for electrons of energy E0 and velocity v can be written as

Fast calibration of CBED patterns for quantitative analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
M.A. Gribelyuk ◽  
M. Rühle
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
Reciprocal Vector ◽  
On Line

A new method is suggested for the accurate determination of the incident beam direction K, crystal thickness t and the coordinates of the basic reciprocal lattice vectors V1 and V2 (Fig. 1) of the ZOLZ plans in pixels of the digitized 2-D CBED pattern. For a given structure model and some estimated values Vest and Kest of some point O in the CBED pattern a set of line scans AkBk is chosen so that all the scans are located within CBED disks.The points on line scans AkBk are conjugate to those on A0B0 since they are shifted by the reciprocal vector gk with respect to each other. As many conjugate scans are considered as CBED disks fall into the energy filtered region of the experimental pattern. Electron intensities of the transmitted beam I0 and diffracted beams Igk for all points on conjugate scans are found as a function of crystal thickness t on the basis of the full dynamical calculation.

Computer-Assisted High-Re Solution TEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
F.A. Ponce ◽  
H. Hikashi
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Astigmatism Correction

The determination of the atomic positions from HRTEM micrographs is only possible if the optical parameters are known to a certain accuracy, and reliable through-focus series are available to match the experimental images with calculated images of possible atomic models. The main limitation in interpreting images at the atomic level is the knowledge of the optical parameters such as beam alignment, astigmatism correction and defocus value. Under ordinary conditions, the uncertainty in these values is sufficiently large to prevent the accurate determination of the atomic positions. Therefore, in order to achieve the resolution power of the microscope (under 0.2nm) it is necessary to take extraordinary measures. The use of on line computers has been proposed [e.g.: 2-5] and used with certain amount of success.We have built a system that can perform operations in the range of one frame stored and analyzed per second. A schematic diagram of the system is shown in figure 1. A JEOL 4000EX microscope equipped with an external computer interface is directly linked to a SUN-3 computer. All electrical parameters in the microscope can be changed via this interface by the use of a set of commands. The image is received from a video camera. A commercial image processor improves the signal-to-noise ratio by recursively averaging with a time constant, usually set at 0.25 sec. The computer software is based on a multi-window system and is entirely mouse-driven. All operations can be performed by clicking the mouse on the appropiate windows and buttons. This capability leads to extreme friendliness, ease of operation, and high operator speeds. Image analysis can be done in various ways. Here, we have measured the image contrast and used it to optimize certain parameters. The system is designed to have instant access to: (a) x- and y- alignment coils, (b) x- and y- astigmatism correction coils, and (c) objective lens current. The algorithm is shown in figure 2. Figure 3 shows an example taken from a thin CdTe crystal. The image contrast is displayed for changing objective lens current (defocus value). The display is calibrated in angstroms. Images are stored on the disk and are accessible by clicking the data points in the graph. Some of the frame-store images are displayed in Fig. 4.

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