Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos from scattering on bound electrons in atom

In this paper, we consider the effects of bound atomic electrons scattered by solar neutrinos due to the electromagnetic properties of neutrinos. This necessitates considering the recoil of atomic nucleus, which should be considered in the momentum conservation, but the effect to the energy conservation is negligible. This effect changes the kinematic behavior of the scattered electron compared to that scattered on free electrons. We apply this effect to the recent XENON1T data, but the bounds obtained from this are not very restrictive. We obtained the bounds: the (transition) magnetic moment [Formula: see text] (times the electron Bohr magneton) and the charge radius [Formula: see text] cm. For a nonvanishing millicharge [Formula: see text], the allowed bound is shown in the [Formula: see text] plane.

A Novel Treatment of the Josephson Effect

A new picture of the Josephson effect is devised. The radio-frequency (RF) signal, observed in a Josephson junction, is shown to stem from bound electrons, tunneling periodically through the insulating film. This holds also for the microwave mediated tunneling. The Josephson effect is found to be conditioned by the same prerequisite worked out previously for persistent currents, thermal equilibrium and occurence of superconductivity. The observed negative resistance behaviour is shown to originate from the interplay between the normal and superconducting currents.

A direct measurement method of quantum relaxation time

Quantum relaxation time of electrons in condensed matters is the most important physical property while its direct measurement has been elusive for a century. Here, we report a breakthrough that allows us to directly determine quantum relaxation time at zero and non-zero frequencies using optical measurement. Through dielectric loss function, we connect bound electron effect to the physical parameters of plasma resonance and find an extra term of quantum relaxation time due to inelastic scattering between bound electrons and conduction electrons at non-zero frequencies. We demonstrate here that the frequency dependent inelastic polarization effect of bound electrons is the dominating contribution on quantum relaxation time of conduction electrons at optical frequencies and elastic polarization effect of bound electrons also dramatically changes the plasma resonance frequency through effective screening to charge carriers.

Physicochemical Properties of African Catfish Mucus and Its Effect on the Stability of Soya Milk Emulsions

Mucus, a waste product produced when African catfish undergoes stress, has lubricating effects and could be a potential emulsifier. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable; researchers have documented synthetic bio-polymers as emulsifiers, but its sustainability is in question. This research aims to establish some physicochemical properties of African catfish mucus (ACM) and its effect in soya milk emulsions. A Zetasizer and Turbiscan were used to measure stability, morphology was determined with Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while functional groups in ACM and ACM-stabilized soya milk emulsions were determined using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy. ACM is a stable hydrogel with negatively charged (−36.2 mV) loosely bound electrons with polar and non-polar portions. ACM concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 g w/w stabilized soya milk emulsions after 180 min of storage. The spectra of stabilized emulsion revealed interactions with soya milk droplets. ACM encapsulated the stabilized emulsion and conferred a kind of cohesive interaction and stability. Turbiscan revealed that the mucin formed strong cohesive connections with stabilized emulsions and the mucin exhibited adhesive properties. ACM is an excellent natural emulsifier with mucoadhesive properties as it encapsulates soya milk to enhance stability.