Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 198-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Cao ◽  
Xilei Dai ◽  
Junjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

scholarly journals Study on the Certification Policy of Zero-Energy Buildings in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeweon Kim ◽  
Ki-Hyung Yu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

This study presents a methodology and process to establish a mandatory policy of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea. To determine the mandatory level to acquire the rating of a ZEB in Korea, this study was conducted under the assumption that the criteria of ZEB was a top 5% building considering the building’s energy-efficiency rating, which was certified through a quantitative building energy analysis. A self-sufficiency rate was also proposed to strengthen the passive standard of the buildings as well as to encourage new and renewable energy production. Accordingly, zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in Korea are defined as having 60 kWh/(m2·yr) of non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) consumption in residential buildings and 80 kWh/(m2·yr) in non-residential buildings, and the self-reliance rate should be more than 20% of the renewable energy consumption as compared to the total energy consumption of the buildings. In addition, the mandatory installation of building energy management systems (BEMS) was promoted to investigate the energy behavior in buildings to be certified as zero-energy in the future. This study also investigated the number of ZEB certificates during the demonstration period from 2017 to 2019 to analyze the energy demand, non-renewable primary energy, renewable primary energy, and self-sufficiency rate as compared to those under the previous standards. For ZEB Grade 1 as compared to the existing building energy-efficiency rating, the sum of the NRPE decreased more than 50%, and renewable energy consumption increased more than four times.

scholarly journals Blockchain Consensus: An Overview of Alternative Protocols

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Damilare Peter Oyinloye ◽  
Je Sen Teh ◽  
Norziana Jamil ◽  
Moatsum Alawida
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Made In

Blockchain networks are based on cryptographic notions that include asymmetric-key encryption, hash functions and consensus protocols. Despite their popularity, mainstream protocols, such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake still have drawbacks. Efforts to enhance these protocols led to the birth of alternative consensus protocols, catering to specific areas, such as medicine or transportation. These protocols remain relatively unknown despite having unique merits worth investigating. Although past reviews have been published on popular blockchain consensus protocols, they do not include most of these lesser-known protocols. Highlighting these alternative consensus protocols contributes toward the advancement of the state of the art, as they have design features that may be useful to academics, blockchain practitioners and researchers. In this paper, we bridge this gap by providing an overview of alternative consensus protocols proposed within the past 3 years. We evaluate their overall performance based on metrics such as throughput, scalability, security, energy consumption, and finality. In our review, we examine the trade-offs that these consensus protocols have made in their attempts to optimize scalability and performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that focuses on these alternative protocols, highlighting their unique features that can be used to develop future consensus protocols.

IDENTIFICATION OF BARRIERS THAT HINDER THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING ENERGY CODES

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Danesh Edalat ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Mortaheb ◽  
Hamed Kashani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Energy Codes ◽  
Energy Efficiency Standards ◽  
Building Energy Codes

In response to the growing energy consumption levels in buildings, many countries have introduced standards and codes aimed at reducing their national building energy consumption and managing the amount of emissions. Title 19 of Iran’s National Building Regulation (NBR) was first introduced in 1991. It was projected that Title 19 can lead to a 30 to 50% reduction in building energy consumption in the country. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that the introduction of Title 19 NBR has not led to substantial saving in building energy consumption. Unlike Title 19 NBR, similar standards in other countries have proven to be very effective in reducing the building energy consumption levels. For instance, it is believed that the implementation of Title 24 of California’s Building Energy Efficiency Standards has led to $66 billion dollars of energy savings over the past 35 years. The objective of this study is to utilize content analysis and experts’ opinion in order to identify and categorize the barriers that hinder the effective implementation of Title 19 NBR in Iran. The contribution of this study to the state of knowledge is the identification of barriers that could hinder the effective implementation of building energy codes.

Applications of High-Efficiency Insulations for Building Energy Saving

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Young Cheol Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Passive House ◽  
Energy Efficient Buildings ◽  
Building Insulation ◽  
Energy Options ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

To fight global warming, we must understand what our energy options are. By far the most important option is efficiency, which is the easiest, quickest, and least expensive way to fight global warming. The most efficient way to decrease the energy consumption of buildings is to increase the insulation of thermal envelopes such as the roof and exterior walls. Globally, many countries have targets to reduce building energy consumption and to provide energy efficient buildings such as passive house and zero energy buildings. This paper presents the applications of high-efficiency insulations for passive house and zero energy buildings. Insulation cost is a small percentage of the total construction cost, but the saved energy cost is large making payback periods short. Considering the possibility of rise of oil price and the exhaustion of fossil fuel, insulation should be added beyond the level that any building insulation code requires.

scholarly journals Review on Urban Heat Island in China: Methods, Its Impact on Buildings Energy Demand and Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Liu Tian ◽  
Yongcai Li ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Jue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

High population density, dense high-rise buildings, and impervious pavements increase the vulnerability of cities, which aggravate the urban climate environment characterized by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cities in China provide unique information on the UHI phenomenon because they have experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development, which have had a great influence on the climate in recent decades. This paper provides a review of recent research on the methods and impacts of UHI on building energy consumption, and the practical techniques that can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of UHI in China. The impact of UHI on building energy consumption depends largely on the local microclimate, the urban area features where the building is located, and the type and characteristics of the building. In the urban areas dominated by air conditioning, UHI could result in an approximately 10–16% increase in cooling energy consumption. Besides, the potential negative effects of UHI can be prevented from China in many ways, such as urban greening, cool material, water bodies, urban ventilation, etc. These strategies could have a substantial impact on the overall urban thermal environment if they can be used in the project design stage of urban planning and implemented on a large scale. Therefore, this study is useful to deepen the understanding of the physical mechanisms of UHI and provide practical approaches to fight the UHI for the urban planners, public health officials, and city decision-makers in China.

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