Future European gas supply in the resource triangle of the Former Soviet Union, the Middle East and Northern Africa

Energy Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1622-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Remme ◽  
Markus Blesl ◽  
Ulrich Fahl
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Northern Africa ◽  
Gas Supply

scholarly journals Births, miscarriages and induced abortions among foreign born women in Finland

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jokela ◽  
M Koukkula ◽  
E Lilja ◽  
R Klemetti ◽  
P Koponen
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Induced Abortions

Abstract Background The increasing number of foreign-born women living in Finland has raised a need for more information about their sexual and reproductive health and need for services. This study explores the prevalence of births, induced abortions and miscarriages as well as the associated socioeconomic factors of foreign-born women. Methods This study used data collected in the Survey on Well-Being Among Foreign Born Population (FinMonik), conducted in 2018-2019. The random sample (n = 6 695) consisted of women aged 18 to 64 years and living in Finland. The participation rate among women was 56% (n = 3 746). The results were stratified according to country groups based on geographic region of origin: Middle East and Africa; Russia, former Soviet Union and Estonia; Asia; EU, North America, Latin America and others. The analyses were conducted with logistic regression adjusting for age. In the analyses, weights were used to reduce non-response bias. Results The proportion of women who had at least one birth in their lifetime varied from 67 to 80%. Those from the Middle East or Africa had the highest proportion of three or more births (41%). The proportion of women who had experienced induced abortion was highest among women from Russia, former Soviet Union and Estonia: 34% of these women had experienced at least one abortion while 20% had experienced at least two abortions. No difference in reported miscarriages was observed between the groups (20-27%). In all groups, married women (82%) and those with only basic education (82%) had more often at least one birth than unmarried women (61%) and those with higher education (70%). Compared to the other groups, lower educated Russian, former Soviet Union and Estonian women had more often experienced at least one induced abortion (44 %). Conclusions There are major differences in the prevalence of births and abortions among women from different regions and educational level. Key messages Challenges in sexual and reproductive health vary by region of origin. Low-threshold health services and health education are needed to guarantee better sexual and reproductive health for all women.

Glasnost, the Coup, and Soviet Arabist Historians

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-577
Author(s):  
Garay Menicucci
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
International Solidarity ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Middle East Studies ◽  
Coup Attempt

The 19 August 1991 coup attempt in Moscow and the subsequent collapse of the economy of the former Soviet Union has had its effects on Middle East studies. The seizure of Communist party property and bank accounts and the dispute between the Russian federal government and what remained of the centralized Soviet state structure still headed by President Gorbachev placed such distinguished centers for Middle East research as the Institutes for Oriental Studies in Moscow and St. Petersburg in serious financial jeopardy. Even before the coup attempt and the dissolution of the Communist party, continued full state funding was uncertain and the institutes were scrambling to establish joint publishing agreements with Western academic presses to ensure some infusion of hard currency against the plunging value of the ruble. Individual researchers began looking for translation work or other lucrative forms of moonlighting to supplement their insufficient salaries. And, of course, the content of Middle East studies has undergone a radical transformation. For the social scientists, such notions as “imperialism,” “socialist orientation,” and “international solidarity” have been swiftly abandoned and replaced with what experts now call “the new pragmatism,” which seeks to steer foreign policy away from engaged ideological alliances in the Middle East and towards bettering those state-to-state relations in the region that serve Russian national and economic interests.

UKRAINIAN AND SYRIAN ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS TWO SIDES OF GEOPOLITICS

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
Oleg Kondratenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The West ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
The Eu

The article gives a detailed analysis of the confrontation between the leading centers of global influence – the EU, the US and Russia, which led to the aggravation of the situation in two countries at once. It was found that both Ukraine and Syria face the risk of becoming a major geopolitical struggle springboard between Russia and the West. Russia’s military presence in Syria in particular is to build military bases in the Middle East and the Mediterranean, by supporting the regime in Damascus. Expanding the strategic impact of Russia is also in supervising oil and gas market and transit of energy resources to the EU. Continuation of military intervention in Syria and Ukraine had a profound impact on the security situation in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East. This reality makes all members of the settlement of these conflicts reconsider their foreign policy strategy and future plans regarding Ukraine and Syria. EU and US support only peaceful diplomatic solution to the crisis in eastern Ukraine through the allocation opposing sides of the contact line and holding democratic elections. Meanwhile, Syria’s main task for the West is fighting against ISIS and removing the current authoritarian regime from power. Russia does not show much interest in resolving these regional crises and intends to maintain instability in Eurasia and the Middle East.

Notes from the Editors, November 2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
The Editors
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Back Issue ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Monthly Review

<div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review, November 2015 (Volume 67, Number 6)" href="http://monthlyreview.org/product/mr-067-06-2015-10/">buy this issue</a></div>To understand why the Middle East is now in shambles, with the United States currently involved simultaneously in wars against both the Assad government in Syria and the Islamic State in Iraq, generating the greatest refugee crisis in Europe since the Second World War, it is necessary to go back almost a quarter-century to the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The Gulf War, unleashed by the United States in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, was made possible by the growing disorder in the USSR followed by its demise later that same year. The USSR's disappearance from the world stage allowed the United States to shift to a naked imperialist stance&mdash;though justified in the manner of the colonial empires of old as "anti-terrorism" and "humanitarian intervention"&mdash;not only in the Middle East, but also along the entire great arc that had constituted the perimeter of the former Soviet Union.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-6" title="Vol. 67, No. 6: November 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

scholarly journals Energy Export Potential in the Caspian Region and Its Impact on EU Energy Security

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Aigerim Ibrayeva ◽  
Raikhan Tashtemkhanova ◽  
Aigerim Ospanova ◽  
Baubek Somzhurek ◽  
Aiman Azmukhanova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The North ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
The Eu

Energy security has emerged in recent years as one of the cornerstones of the European Union’s (EU’s) foreign policy. The EU is highly dependent on imports of oil and gas, 35 per cent of which comes from Russia. Diversification of energy supplies is thus a key goal for the EU. The Caspian region contains some of the largest undeveloped oil and gas reserves in the world. The intense interest shown by the major international oil and gas companies testifies to its potential. Although the area is unlikely to become “another Middle East”, it could become a major oil supplier at the margin, much as the North Sea is today. As such it could help increase world energy security by diversifying global sources of supply. Development of the region’s resources still faces considerable obstacles. This study focuses on the countries along the southern rim of the former Soviet Union that are endowed with significant oil and gas resources: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. The Southern Energy Corridor (SEC), which aims to link Caspian Basin and potentially Middle East gas supplies to Europe, is one of the EU’s six priority axes of energy infrastructures. Drawing on the external governance literature, this article provides an analysis of the EU’s efforts in the wider Black Sea area to increase its energy security. It concludes that despite difficult domestic and geopolitical obstacles, the EU is pushing forward its objective to establish the SEC.

scholarly journals Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, and Modern Islam

ICR Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Sean Foley
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
Diplomatic Relationship

This paper examines Saudi-Soviet diplomacy in the interwar period, which has received little scholarly coverage but has had an important impact on the Middle East and the Muslim World. In the 1920s and the 1930s, Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union cooperated closely in a number of areas, and Western governments recognised that an alliance would have transformed politics in the Middle East. The failure of the diplomatic relationship to last was a missed opportunity for both states and for the wider Muslim world. Not only did it limit Soviet diplomacy in the Arab World and cement the US-Saudi alliance, but it also cut off Soviet Muslims from Arabia. After the Soviet Union collapsed, the legacy Saudi-Soviet relations in the interwar period remained important. Al-Qaeda used Riyadh’s historic ties with Washington to justify its violence, while millions of Muslims in the former Soviet Union re-embraced their faith and forged closer ties with Saudi Arabia than ever before.

scholarly journals The Problem of State Responsibility for the Organization of «Color Revolutions» and Opposition Support Abroad

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
K L Sazonova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Color Revolutions ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
The Arab Spring

The «color revolutions» in the former Soviet Union space and the «Arab Spring» in the Middle East actualized the international law component of these phenomena. This is closely linked with the problem of a possible implementation of the international responsibility of those states that are involved in the organization of political upheavals in other countries. The present article examines the legal difficulties which arise from the implementation of this type of responsibility.

scholarly journals Protocolo, historia y desarrollo de las Iglesias Ortodoxas // Protocol, history and development of the Orthodox Churches

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Enrique Somavilla Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
East And West

Las Iglesias orientales ortodoxas de tradición bizantina están formadas por unos 150 millones de fieles, que residen en el Próximo Oriente, los Balcanes y los países que conformaban la antigua Ex Unión Soviética, especialmente la actual Rusia. Entre ellas destacan los Patriarcados y las Iglesias autocéfalas. Es importante darnos cuenta de la trascendencia e importancia de estas Iglesias que poseen una rica liturgia y que giran alrededor de las grandes sedes patriarcales de Constantinopla, Alejandría, Antioquia y Jerusalén. Es preciso atestiguar la riqueza de su historia, su gran desarrollo y el protocolo que mantienen, después de su separación de Roma, en el año 1054, fecha histórica entre Oriente y Occidente. The Oriental Orthodox Churches of Byzantine tradition are formed by some 150 million faithful, living in the Middle East, the Balkans and the countries that made up the former former Soviet Union, especially Russia today. These include the patriarchates and autocephalous Churches the. It is important to realize the significance and importance of these churches that have a rich liturgy and revolving around the great patriarchal sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. Must witness the richness of its history, the development and maintain the protocol after its separation from Rome in the year 1054, historical date between East and West.

scholarly journals THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF GWADAR PORT: AN ECONOMIC HUB FOR MARITIME TRADE

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Hikmat Shah Afridi ◽  
Sumayya Bibi ◽  
Bilal Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
East African ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The World

Gwadar Port is the mega project of ongoing developmental projects in Balochistan which is shaping the economy of the World. The port is creating opportunities and possibilities for promoting regional and international shipping and it will resuscitate trade links between China and CARs being the closest route to warm waters. Gwadar Port has vast region to influence; stretching up to several breakaway states of the former Soviet Union in the north, to Iran, the Gulf, the Middle East and East Africa in the west, to India and Sri Lanka in the south. Moreover, this deep port is serving the Gulf and East African ports with fast feeder services. It has deep-water sea complementary to Karachi and Bin Qasim ports for enhancing cargo shipments and therefore it will be a mother port for Asia in the coming years.

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