Anarchism: A Legacy of Postmodernism

This study has made the implicit links betweenpostmodernism and anarchism explicit in order to uncoverthe philosophical origins of terrorism in the postmodern society. This studydeals with the Anarchists' philosophical background and howPostmodernism fanned it. Anarchists' approach mainly whirls around asingle point agenda, and that is, they are against the state or existence ofstates' borders. I mention again what Researcher has already mentioned,the state and all other international institutions emerged after a rationalapproach as stated by Hegel. Postmodernism denied that reality in everycontour, whether those are institutions or anything else. Anarchism broughtthis concept into a broader paradigm and started denying the existence ofthe state. So, both postmodernists and anarchists have denied the realityin their own capacities, but the grounds and arguments are the same.Anarchism paved the way for multiple active terrors based centrifugalmovements throughout the world.

A Critical Analysis of Coalition Politics in Pakistan A Case Study of PPP-led Coalition 2008-2013

Coalition politics have played a unique role in the modernsystem of governance. It played a vital role in politics forbringing the smaller political parties closer by reducing the chances ofserious conflicts. Coalitions can be governmental, which are formed afterelections, and coalitions also can be formed before elections. Like most ofthe Third World countries, Pakistan is an emerging democratic state witha multi-party setup. Present research work tried to analyze differentaspects of coalition politics since the creation of Pakistan; however, thescope of this research was restricted to the era from 2008 to 2013. Thestudy has included the concept of coalitions, the formation of coalitions,their governance, terminations, and their implications on the politics ofPakistan. In order to get pinpoint the performance of the coalition during2008-2013, primary sources, including official documents, statements,and interviews, and secondary sources like books, journals, newspapers,and websites have been consulted. Basically, it is qualitative research, butsometimes quantitative material is also utilized. To complete the research,historical, descriptive, and experimental methods were used. The studyrevealed that how coalition politics has become a backbone of democracyin Pakistan, where many parties were getting representation in thelegislative assembly. Here, the successful tenure of the PPP-led coalitiongave new hope to the political stakeholders to work together for sustainabledemocracy in Pakistan.

Life Imprisonment without Parole in China: Substituting Death for Economic Crimes

Life imprisonment without parole and commutation (LWOP) came under Ninth Amendment to the 1997 Criminal Law of Peoples Republic of China as a proviso to the suspended death penalty for corruption crimes. The legislative intent given for the arrival of new punishment depicts LWOP as a solution for the disparity in a suspended death sentence, controlling judicial discretion and proportional punishment for corruption which is debated as not an exhaustive and compelling justification. The manuscript addresses a substantive question; if LWOP is suitable for the criminal justice system in China? And is answered under three normative claims, namely necessity, effectiveness, and humanness.The examination of the topic contends LWOP is more of an effective tool in broader anti-corruption strategy than a need for domestic utilization.LWOP in China gives no hope of release and stands inconsistent with Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights

Political Culture of Elitism as Barrier to Distributive Justice and Inclusive Democracy in Pakistan

The research aims to examine the democratic ideals ofparticipatory, inclusive democracy with "strong public" andclear means of interest articulation, in contrast to transitional, "delegativedemocracy," with local and national dynasties and the marginalized public.Employing the concept given by John Dewy, Jurgen Habermas, NancyFraser, Samuel P. Huntington, Takis Fotopoulos, the study is analytical andevaluative in nature, measuring the gap between theory and practice. Theprime area of concern is Pakistan, and the study is meant to answer "why"questions about the pendulum movement from authoritarian military ruleand democratic dispensations; and the inability of the delegatedtransitional democracy of Pakistan to transform into a consolidateddemocratic system. The supposition of the study is that though democraticnorms and awareness of people's interests are present even in the far-offperipheral regions of Pakistan yet in the presence of strong local dynastieswith local hegemonic designs, Pakistan remains a transitional democracy.

Buffered Border Corridor: The Geo-Political and Strategic Significance of the Wakhan Corridor

The geo-political importance of the Wakhan corridor and itspotential has been understood by many writers in differentways. It has its magnificence of its geographical location and a means ofcommunication as well as a highway for trade. During the Soviet occupationof Afghanistan, the Wakhan corridor remained a strategic post for its forcesand had a pivotal position in the global conflict of the two superpowers inthe early 1980's. It has strategic roads towards Afghanistan, Tajikistan,Sinkiang of China, and the northern belt of Pakistan. Pakistan as well asChina both has larger geo-political and geostrategic interests in this region;along with the U.S. strategic clash with China, it seems that the WakhanCorridor would serve as a testing ground for major land warfare in thecoming years. This paper attempts to analyze the geopolitical and strategicsignificance of the Wakhan Corridor.

Role of the Central Committee of Action in Organization of the Provincial Muslim Leagues

All India Muslim League lost 1936 elections which propelled Jinnah to re-organize the party on modern grounds. But the re-organization was not that much efficacious due to the absence of effective checks and balances overworking of provincial branches. Initial endeavors to keep check overworking and organization of the provincial Leagues were short successes on the part of the Central League. The working of the Central Civil Defence Committee accentuated the need for a separate body for such tasks. Jinnah brought his idea to life in 1944 by establishing the Central Committee of Action. This was the most authoritative body after Jinnah having powers to affiliate and disaffiliate provincial branches. Moreover, this body not only re-organized the provincial branches but also settled their intra-party disputes effectively. The working of branches improves substantially due to the committee's initiatives for grassroots level activities. The 1946 elections testified logic behind the formation and its result-oriented working to improve Provincial Leagues.

Evaluating the Impact of Hazara Motorway on Tourism Growth Under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Hazara Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The objective of this research is to evaluate the outcome of Hazara Motorway on Tourism Expansion because of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in Hazara region. This research used primary data collected through a questionnaire from the 120 tourists regarding their response on factors associated with future expectations of tourism industry growth in Hazara region under CPEC due to Hazara motorway using a purposive simple random sampling technique. The study used logistic regression for analysis. The regression results show that tourists' expectation of tourism growth under CPEC is positively and significantly associated with the occupation of the respondent, availability of rooms, tourist will come due to Hazara CPEC motorway, increase in tourism under CPEC, tourism growth, and tourism and hospitality infrastructure is enough to meet the tourist demand. The study concludes that in the future, the demand of tourism will progress under the CPEC, the specially Hazara motorway will play its part in lifting local tourism.

Jinnah’s Pakistan, Hodson and the Letter to Nawab Ismail

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the division of India on 22ndMarch 1940 in his presidential address to the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held at Lahore. Immediately, the League were beset with not only opposition from all flanks but also the allegation that Jinnah's idea of Pakistan was ill-defined and merely a counter for bargaining. Even after Pakistan's independence in 1947, this theory was furthered to the extent of being elevated to orthodoxy. This paper examines Jinnah's private correspondence dealing with the nature of Pakistan, in particular Jinnah's 1941 letter to the League leader Nawab Ismail that refers to findings of the Reforms Commissioner H.V. Hodson regarding Pakistan, and is often cited as evidence of Jinnah’s ‘real aims’. In parallel, Jinnah and prominent League leaders’ dealings with the British are analyzed in order to reconcile their disparate stances.

Hybrid Warfare and the Challenges to the Conduct of Intelligence

The character of warfare has remained constant however its nature has been changing from time to time over the last twenty years. The traditional definition of warfare, explaining an exceptionally coordinated and prepared involvement of powers in the conflict, such as the Second World War, have become old fashioned and irrelevant. The Intelligence operations were moderately clear and defined through the Cold War era. There were two defined adversaries, both were superpowers, and existential dangers to public safety, both political and military (counting atomic), were generally straightforward. Indeed, even psychological warfare was 'less complex' as it was focused on a targeted audience and state associations utilizing strategies were notable. The post- 9/11 world is facing new and complex difficulties especially with regards to nature of warfare which has become Hybrid as well as countering techniques in terms of Intelligence operations.

Women Political Activism and Public Spaces in Pashtun Society in Pakistan

In this research article I comprehend that how women in Pashtun society, even with limited entree to civic places, manage to join and contribute in numerous political undertakings, and how their role adds to growing communal and political spaces for women. For my research work I interviewed politically active women of Swabi from lower and middle class. I used the method of convenience sampling. Gulalai Ismail (a women right activist from Swabi) facilitated me in conducting interviews. According to those women, it is reflected indecent in Pashtun society for women to be outside their homes in public. Due to less or no public spaces for women in Pashtun society women have limited involvement in political activities, economic happenings and structure of the society. The uneasy access of women outside their homes in Pashtun society restrict their access to economic activities as well. The purpose of this research article is to know the struggle of women from economically middle and lower class in Pashtun society.