Decentering and avoidance: Mechanisms between external shame and depression symptomatology

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S157-S157
Author(s):  
C. Ferreira ◽  
A.L. Mendes ◽  
J. Marta-Simões ◽  
I.A. Trindade
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
External Shame ◽  
Adverse Experiences ◽  
Model Fit Indices ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

It is widely accepted that shame plays a significant role in the development and maintenance psychopathology, namely depressive symptoms. In fact, the experience of shame is highly associated with the adoption of maladaptive strategies to cope with negative feelings, such as experiential avoidance (i.e., the unavailability to accept one's private experiences), and the inability of decenter oneself from unwanted internal events. The present study aims to explore a mediation model that examines whether external shame's effect on depressive symptomatology is mediated through the mechanisms of decentering and experimental avoidance, while controlling for age. Participants were 358 adults of both genders from the general population that completed a battery of self-report scales measuring external shame, decentering, experimental avoidance and depression. The final model explained 33% of depression and revealed excellent model fit indices. Results showed that external shame has a direct effect on depressive symptomatology and simultaneously an indirect effect mediated by the mechanisms of decentering and experiential avoidance. These data seem to support the association between shame and depressive symptomatology. Nevertheless, these findings add to literature by suggesting that when the individual presents higher levels of shame he or she may present lower decentering abilities and tends to engage in experiential avoidance, which amplify the impact of external shame and depression. Furthermore, our findings seem to have important clinical implications, stressing the importance of developing intervention programs in the community that target shame and experimental avoidance and that promote adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., decentering) to deal with adverse experiences.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The Role of Maladaptive Psychological Strategies in the Association between Shame and Psychological Quality of Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S86-S86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ferreira ◽  
A.L. Mendes ◽  
J. Marta-Simões
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Cognitive Fusion ◽  
External Shame ◽  
Model Fit Indices ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Psychological Quality Of Life

Shame experiences have been highly associated with the engagement in maladaptive strategies (such as experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion) to cope with unwanted thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, these maladaptive processes have been linked to different psychopathological conditions.The current study aimed to test the mediational effect of two different emotional regulation processes, cognitive fusion (i.e., the entanglement with unwanted inner events) and experiential avoidance (i.e., the unwillingness to be in contact with these inner experiences and the tendency to avoid and control them), on the association between external shame and psychological quality of life.Participants were 421 (131 males and 290 females), aged between 18 and 34 years old.The tested path model explained 40% of the variance of psychological quality of life and showed excellent model fit indices. Results demonstrated that external shame presented a significant direct effect on psychological quality of life and, in turn, an indirect effect, through the mechanisms of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. In fact, these findings seem to suggest that higher levels of external shame are linked to a higher tendency to engage in cognitive fusion and to lower acceptance abilities, which appear to explain decreased levels of psychological quality of life.The present findings seem to offer significant clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of targeting maladaptive emotion strategies through the development of acceptance and decentering abilities.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The Paradoxical Effect of Two Different Emotion Regulation Processes in the Association Between Shame and Depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s241-s241
Author(s):  
A.L. Mendes ◽  
C. Ferreira ◽  
J. Marta-Simões
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Buffer Effect ◽  
Psychological Inflexibility ◽  
Moderator Effect ◽  
External Shame ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression

Experiential avoidance, considered a main process of psychological inflexibility, has been defined as the unwillingness to be in contact with particular unwanted inner experiences and the effort to control or avoid its form, frequency and the context in which they occur. On the other hand, decentering, conceptualized as the ability to deal with feelings, thoughts and emotions as subjective and ephemeral events, which occur in the mind, is considered an important protective process against psychopathology. The present study aimed to explore the moderator effect of two different emotional regulation processes, decentering and experiential avoidance, on the association between external shame and depression. The sample comprised 421 participants (131 males and 290 females), aged between 18 and 34-year-old. Results from two independent path analysis revealed that decentering abilities and experiential avoidance showed a significant moderator effect on the association between external shame and symptoms of depression. In fact, these findings allow to verify that decentering abilities were negatively linked to symptoms of depression. Through a path analysis, the buffer effect of decentering was confirmed. On the contrary, performed tests demonstrated that experiential avoidance exacerbates shame's impact on the severity of depressive symptoms. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of targeting maladaptive emotion regulation processes (such as experiential avoidance), and developing adaptive strategies (e.g., decentering abilities), as strategies to diminish depressive symptomatology in prevention and intervention programs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Police and sniffer dogs in psychiatric settings

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najat Khalifa ◽  
Simon Gibbon ◽  
Conor Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Secure Unit ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Aims and MethodTo study the views of staff and patients on the use of sniffer dogs to detect illicit drugs and the prosecution of in-patients suspected of taking illicit drugs. A 15-item self-report questionnaire was given to all in-patients and staff who had any contact with patients in a medium-secure unit. Responses to the individual statements were measured on a five-point Likert scale and staff and patients' responses were compared.ResultsWe achieved a response rate of 63% (patient response rate, 71.6%; staff response rate, 60.7%). Overall there were fewer differences than anticipated, although, as expected, staff viewed the impact of illicit drugs more negatively than patients, and on the other hand, patients viewed the use of sniffer dogs and police involvement more negatively than the staff did.Clinical ImplicationsNotice ought to be taken of the discordance between staff and patients' views (particularly in relation to consent and confidentiality) when attempting to detect and manage illicit drug use among psychiatric in-patients.

Chronic illness-related shame and experiential avoidance mediate the impact of IBD symptomatology on depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S157-S157
Author(s):  
I.A. Trindade ◽  
C. Ferreira ◽  
J. Pinto-Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
The Impact

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is group of chronic diseases that cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, urgent diarrhoea and fatigue, as well as associated complications (e.g., arthritis). Literature has pointed that IBD may cause depressive symptomatology, which seems to aggravate physical symptoms in a cycle of depression and inflammation. This study's aims to examine the mediator roles of chronic illness-related shame and experiential avoidance in the relationship between IBD symptomatology and depression, while controlling for associated medical complications. The sample comprised 161 adult IBD patients (52 males and 109 females), with a mean age of 36.73 (SD = 10.93), that completed validated measures. The hypothesised model was tested through path analyses. Results (see Fig. 1) showed that although IBD symptomatology presented a direct effect of .13 on depression, the majority of its impact was mediated through chronic illness-related shame and experiential avoidance with an indirect effect of 0.22. Indeed, IBD symptomatology seemed to lead to higher chronic illness-related shame, which presented a direct effect on depression of .15 and an indirect effect mediated by experiential avoidance of 0.37. This model presented excellent goodness-of-fit indices. These findings suggest that targeting shame and experiential avoidance in IBD patients would have beneficial outcomes for patients’ well-being. It thus seems that compassion and acceptance-based psychotherapies should be included in treatment programs for IBD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Does comorbid depression and alcoholic dependence influence cognition in Bulgarian womеn?

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S473-S473
Author(s):  
V. Giannouli ◽  
D. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

IntroductionPrevious research on the impact of alcohol intake on human behavior and cognition has revealed the detrimental effects of alcohol dependence. Especially in women, depression is often associated with the initiation of alcohol abuse that provokes new episodes of depression and this cycle tends to chronify.ObjectiveAlthough the co-occurrence of depression and alcoholism is well documented, there is still scarce data on the cognition of depressed alcohol-depended women. The aim of the present study is to examine the cognitive function in women who demonstrate both depression and alcohol dependence.MethodA group of fifty-three Bulgarian women with a formal diagnosis of alcohol dependence (Mage = 43.89, SDage = 9.48; level of education: all with high school education) and varying levels of depressive symptomatology were examined at the Municipal Council on Drug Addiction Blagoevgrad. Information were collected from personal history taking (anamnesis), self-reports and the Lesch Alcoholism Typology–Questionnaire (LAT online program). The women were grouped according to their age (27–45 and 46–71).ResultsResults indicated that there is a significant influence of depression (P = .032), a slightly above the statistical significance level non-influence of age (P = .056), and an interaction of the influence of depression*age (P = .048) on self-reported cognitive performance.ConclusionsThe present research suggests that future researchers should further clarify in a more systematic way the factors that influence cognition in this special population with comorbid depression and alcoholic dependence.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The Poor Fit of Model Fit for Selecting Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis for Scale Evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 001316442094289
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Montoya ◽  
Michael C. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Model Fit Indices ◽  
The Impact

Model fit indices are being increasingly recommended and used to select the number of factors in an exploratory factor analysis. Growing evidence suggests that the recommended cutoff values for common model fit indices are not appropriate for use in an exploratory factor analysis context. A particularly prominent problem in scale evaluation is the ubiquity of correlated residuals and imperfect model specification. Our research focuses on a scale evaluation context and the performance of four standard model fit indices: root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker–Lewis index (TLI), and two equivalence test-based model fit indices: RMSEAt and CFIt. We use Monte Carlo simulation to generate and analyze data based on a substantive example using the positive and negative affective schedule ( N = 1,000). We systematically vary the number and magnitude of correlated residuals as well as nonspecific misspecification, to evaluate the impact on model fit indices in fitting a two-factor exploratory factor analysis. Our results show that all fit indices, except SRMR, are overly sensitive to correlated residuals and nonspecific error, resulting in solutions that are overfactored. SRMR performed well, consistently selecting the correct number of factors; however, previous research suggests it does not perform well with categorical data. In general, we do not recommend using model fit indices to select number of factors in a scale evaluation framework.

The poor fit of model fit for selecting number of factors in exploratory factor analysis for scale evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Kay Montoya ◽  
Michael C. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Model Fit Indices ◽  
The Impact

Model fit indices are being increasingly recommended and used to select the number of factors in an exploratory factor analysis. Growing evidence suggests that the recommended cutoff values for common model fit indices are not appropriate for use in an exploratory factor analysis context. A particularly prominent problem in scale evaluation is the ubiquity of correlated residuals and imperfect model specification. Our research focuses on a scale evaluation context and the performance of four standard model fit indices: root mean squared error of approximate (RMSEA), standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and two equivalence test-based model fit indices: RMSEAt and CFIt. We use Monte Carlo simulation to generate and analyze data based on a substantive example using the positive and negative affective schedule (N = 1000). We systematically vary the number and magnitude of correlated residuals as well as nonspecific misspecification, to evaluate the impact on model fit indices in fitting a two-factor EFA. Our results show that all fit indices, except SRMR, are overly sensitive to correlated residuals and nonspecific error, resulting in solutions which are over-factored. SRMR performed well, consistently selecting the correct number of factors; however, previous research suggests it does not perform well with categorical data. In general, we do not recommend using model fit indices to select number of factors in a scale evaluation framework.

Childhood Emotional Experiences and Eating Psychopathology: The Mediational Role of Different Emotion Regulation Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S286-S286
Author(s):  
A.L. Mendes ◽  
C. Ferreira ◽  
J. Marta-Simões
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Eating Psychopathology ◽  
Social Safeness ◽  
Model Fit Indices ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Fears Of Compassion ◽  
Mediational Role ◽  
The Impact

Positive experiences from childhood have been consistently associated with well-being and with feelings of social safeness and connectedness. On the other hand, the lack of early experiences characterized by warmth, soothing and care may lead to the later experience of fearing to receive compassion from others, to the engagement in self-judgment, and may be associated with a large spectrum of psychopathology. The present study tested a model which hypothesized that the impact of early positive memories with family figures on the engagement in disordered eating is carried by the mechanisms of social safeness and connectedness with others, fears of receiving compassion from others, and self-judgment. The sample comprised 399 women, aged between 18 and 55 years old. The path model accounted for 33% of eating psychopathology's variance and showed excellent model fit indices. Results revealed that the impact of early affiliative memories with family figures on eating psychopathology was totally mediated by the mechanisms of social safeness, fears of compassion from others, and self-judgment. In fact, women who reported a lack of early memories of warmth and safeness with family figures seemed to present lower feelings of safeness and connectedness within social relationships, higher tendency to fear receiving kindness and compassion from others, and more self-judgmental attitudes. These findings support the importance of developing intervention programs in the community, which target maladaptive emotion regulation processes (such as compassionate-based interventions) to promote mental health, especially in a context of early adverse experiences.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The Effects of Self-Control and Perceived Control on Team Processes

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 917-921
Author(s):  
Jeanne L. Weaver ◽  
Clint A. Bowers ◽  
Kareen A. Mourra ◽  
Lori G. Rhodenizer
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Although there is an extensive literature regarding the individual and stress, it is critical for researchers to gain an understanding of the impact of stressors on teams due to the increasing number of jobs in both the military and civilian sectors that require groups of individuals to work together effectively in teams. The current study sought to meet this need by investigating the relationship between an individual difference characteristic of team members (self-control), stressor condition, and indices of coping. In particular, it was of interest to determine the effects of self-control and stressor condition, manipulated in terms of perceived stressor control, on coping assessed via self-report and coping communications between team members. Results provided mixed support for the hypothesized relationships between these variables with low self-control teams reporting different coping behaviors than high self-control teams. Results also revealed self-report and communication coping differences as a function of stressor condition. The findings are discussed in terms of possible interventions for teams performing under stress.

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