Intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of ovarian follicle diameter

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. S169
Author(s):  
F. Arredondo ◽  
J.R. Loret de Mola ◽  
H. Frasure ◽  
J.H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements

scholarly journals Gonad Size Measured by Ultrasound to Assign Stage of Maturity in Burbot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren McGarvey ◽  
Jason E. Ilgen ◽  
Christopher S. Guy ◽  
Jason G. McLellan ◽  
Molly A. H. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Ultrasound Transducer ◽  
Gonad Tissue ◽  
A Value ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Gonad Size

Gonad size (diameter and circumference) measured by ultrasound was assessed as a metric to assign stage of maturity in Burbot Lota lota from Lake Roosevelt, Washington.  Paired gonad tissue and ultrasound measurements were collected monthly from November 2017 to March 2018.  Gonad tissue was processed for histological analysis to confirm stage of maturity.  Gonad diameter and circumference were measured by ultrasound.  Excised gonad diameter (i.e., true gonad diameter) was measured by digital calipers, and excised gonad circumference (i.e., true gonad circumference) was measured by a measuring tape.  All late vitellogenic (stage 6) ovaries measured by ultrasound had a diameter greater than 3.90 cm, suggesting a value of 3.90 cm or greater may be used to characterize females capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle.  One mid-spermatogenic (stage 3) and all ripe (stage 4) testes were too large to be measured and assigned diameter of 5.11 cm, the maximum value capable of being measured by our ultrasound transducer.  A value of 5.11 cm or greater may be used to characterize males capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle.  Testis circumference measured by ultrasound is not reported because some testes were wider than the ultrasound transducer and could not be measured.  Measurements of testis diameter did not differ between measurement methods (ultrasound vs. true), but ultrasound measurements of ovary diameter and circumference were higher than true measurements.  We attributed the difference between measurement methods to flattening of ovary while applying the ultrasound transducer.  Gonad diameter and circumference measured by ultrasound were highly correlated with gonadosomatic index and ovarian follicle diameter indicating gonad size measured by ultrasound is an appropriate index of gonad development in Burbot.

Changes in plasma oxidative stress biomarkers in dairy cows after oestrus synchronisation with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α)

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saranika Talukder ◽  
Kendra L. Kerrisk ◽  
Luke Ingenhoff ◽  
Gianfranco Gabai ◽  
Sergio C. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Follicle Diameter

This study was designed to evaluate the plasma profiles of oxidative stress biomarkers, progesterone and ovarian follicle diameter in ovulatory versus an-ovulatory cows. Twenty cows were synchronised using controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α) protocol. Plasma samples were analysed for progesterone (P4), oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers; reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), oxidative stress index (OSI = ROMs/BAP × 100), advanced oxidation protein products, ceruloplasmin and glutathione (GSH). Plasma P4 concentration was greater in ovulated cows 24 hours (h) after PGF2α treatment but lower 48 h after PGF2α treatment compared with that of an-ovulated cows at those sampling sessions (P < 0.05). Ovulated cows were diagnosed with greater ovarian follicle diameter compared with that of their herd mates not diagnosed for ovulation. Significant interaction of time of PGF2α treatment and ovulation status (ovulatory versus an-ovulatory) with the plasma concentrations of OSI, BAP and GSH were observed. Ovulated cows had significantly lower BAP compared with that of an-ovulated cows (P < 0.05) 9 h, 48 h, 60 h and 128 h after PGF2α treatment. Plasma concentrations of GSH were lower (P < 0.05) in ovulated cows than that of an-ovulated cows 60 h and 96 h after PGF2α treatment. However, OSI was greater (P < 0.05) in ovulated cows than that of an-ovulated cows 9 h, 48 h, 60 h and 128 h after PGF2α treatment. Significant associations were observed between OS status and sampling time. Oxidative stress status may have important physiological role in facilitating the ovulation process in oestrus synchronised dairy cows.

Engineering as a Tool in Assisted Reproduction: An Investigation Using Mathematical Modelling of Oxygen Transport in the Ovarian Follicle

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabe P. Redding ◽  
John E. Bronlund
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Follicular Vascularity

The key objective of any Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is to provide infertile couples with the maximal chance of producing healthy offspring and there is a large body of research within this field directed toward this objective. However, despite this volume of research attention, the success rates of many procedures such as In-Vitro fertilization (IVF) have improved little since their inception. Engineering principles have not been widely applied to ART and, as a result, it appears that there is great potential for engineering to make a contribution to this field. The objectives of this work were to demonstrate the usefulness of engineering principles in this field via the example of modelling oxygen transport in the preovulatory human ovarian follicle. The results show mathematical relationships between follicular fluid dissolved oxygen levels, follicular vascularity and the developmental potential of the oocyte can be described. These relationships are shown to be consistent with findings reported in the literature. Significant results include the emergence of cut off levels of both follicular vascularity and follicle size below which all eggs will be starved of oxygen. Based on current model parameters these cut off levels are predicted to range from 22–40% and 3.5–4.3 ml (19.0–20.3 mm follicle diameter) for follicle vascularity and volume respectively. These results serve to highlight the potential contribution of engineering in general to ART. The implications of these findings are also discussed as are future improvements for modelling mass transport in the ovarian follicle.

176 EXPRESSION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR FAMILY MEMBERS AND GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 9 ON NELORE AND ANGUS HEIFERS WITH A LOW AND HIGH OVARIAN FOLLICLE COUNT

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
M. G. Favoreto ◽  
J. S. Ticianelli ◽  
B. Loureiro ◽  
R. L. Ereno ◽  
A. G. Pupulim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Differentiation Factor ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Growth Differentiation Factor 9 ◽  
Angus Heifers

Members of the IGF family are key intra-ovarian regulators of follicle growth, selection, and atresia. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) induces follicular somatic cells to undergo mitosis and differentiation during follicular development. Cattle from Bos indicus breeds are slower to reach sexual maturity and have longer calving intervals when compared with Bos taurus breeds (Luna-Nevarez et al. 2011). On the other hand, indicine cattle have greater number of ovarian follicles recruited per oestrous cycle when compared with taurine breeds (Alvarez et al. 2000). Our objective was to evaluate the expression of IGF1, IGFR1, IGF2, and GDF9 genes in follicles dissected from Nelore and Angus heifers with high (HFC) and low (LFC) follicle counts. Eighteen Nelore heifers and 22 Angus heifers (≈24 months old) were kept on Brachiaria brizantha grass and fed with a mix of grains with minerals and water ad libitum. Oestrous cycle was synchronized with 2 doses of PGF2α 11 days apart. Heifers were scanned with an ultrasound device (US; Mindray Vet DPS 2200, São Paulo, Brazil) with a 7.5-MHz probe 1 day after ovulation for 3 consecutive oestrous cycles. Animals were slaughtered ≈24 h after ovulation of the third cycle; 3 follicles from 2 to 4 mm in diameter were dissected from the ovary contralateral to the CL. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Microarray Tissue Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Gene expression was evaluated using oligo-dT reverse transcription, Sybr Green Master Mix and Step One Plus (AB, Foster City, CA, USA) Real-Time PCR Detection System. Samples were analysed in duplicates and CT values were normalized to the housekeeping gene PPIA using the ΔCT method. Results were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with follicle as the repeated measure and cow as the subject. Individual differences were analysed using contrast (SAS 9.2). The effects of group (LFC × HFC), breed, and follicle diameter on mNRA abundance were tested. Follicle LSmean was higher (P < 0.05) in Nelore heifers (32 ± 3.1; LFC = 18; HFC = 52) when compared with Angus heifers (20 ± 2.6; LFC = 10; HFC = 27). Follicle diameter did not differ between breeds or groups. Expression of IGF1 and GDF9 was not different between follicles from Nelore and Angus heifers or between groups. Expression of IGFR1 was higher in follicles from Angus heifers (fold change 1.74; P < 0.04) when compared with follicles derived from Nelore heifers but not different between HFC and LFC groups within each breed. Expression of IGF2 mRNA was also higher (fold change 1.70; P < 0.04) in Angus heifers but not different between HFC and LFC groups within each breed. In conclusion, the higher expression of IGFR1 and IGF2 in Angus early antral follicles might be involved in important reproductive traits commonly observed in Bos taurus breeds. However, expression of IGF1, IGFR1, IGF2, and GDF9 in the follicle are not involved in the mechanisms determining different number of follicle recruited through the oestrous cycle in the same breed. This research and scholarship for Loureiro, Ereno, Favoureto, and Pupulim was from FAPESP.

MEASUREMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND VAGINAL TEMPERATURE OF BALI CATTLE THAT EXPERIENCE SILENT HEAT

2021 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Tjok Gde Oka Pemayun ◽  
Anak Agung Sagung Kendran ◽  
I Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bali Cattle ◽  
Vaginal Temperature ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

This study aimed to improve Bali cattle's efficiency and productivity by measuring ovarian follicles and vaginal temperature in Bali cattle that experienced a silent heat using ten bali cattle with normal estrus and bali cattle that experience a silent heat. The research samples were divided into two groups: Bali cattle that showed normal estrus (grup I) and Bali cattle that experienced a silent heat (grup II), with each group consisted of 5 replications. Furthermore, all the cows were measured for vaginal measurements at the time of estrus and 24 hours after estrus. While ovarian follicles are measured at the time of estrus. The results showed that the average vaginal temperature of Bali cattle was 38.40 ± 0.130 C and 38.04 ± 0.130 C respectively for Bali estrus cattle and Bali cattle which experienced a silent heat and statistically showed a significant difference (P<0.05). The Bali cattle follicles' average diameter is 10.60 ± 1.14 and 7.32 ± 0.37 mm, respectively, for the normal estrus and which experience a silent heat, and statistically show a significant difference (P<0.05). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the vaginal temperature of bali cattle with normal estrus is higher than that of bali cattle which experience a silent heat, and ovarian follicle diameter in normal estrus is greater than the diameter of the ovarian follicles of bali cattle that experience silent heat.

scholarly journals 15EFFECT OF DOSE OF ESTRADIOL VALERATE ON OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN CIDR-TREATED BEEF COWS

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Mapletoft ◽  
M.G. Colazo ◽  
J.A. Small ◽  
D.R. Ward ◽  
J.P. Kastelic
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Growth Profiles ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

The objective was to investigate the effect of dose of estradiol valerate (EV) on ovarian follicular growth profiles, intervals to follicular wave emergence and, following CIDR removal, estrus and ovulation in beef cows. On Day 0, 43 non-lactating, crossbred beef cows, 3 to 9 yr of age and at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR (Bioniche Animal Health; Belleville, Ontario, Canada) and were randomly allocated to one of four groups to receive no further treatment (Control; n=10), or an injection of 1mg (n=11), 2mg (n=10), or 5mg (n=12) i.m. of EV (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 2mL canola oil. On Day 7, CIDR were removed and cows received 500μg i.m. of cloprostenol (Estrumate, Schering Plough Animal Health, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). Ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasonography once daily until 48h after CIDR removal to detect ovarian follicle growth profiles, and twice daily thereafter to detect ovulation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (LSD and Bartlett’s tests) and chi-square procedures. One cow (5mg EV group) lost the CIDR and was removed from all analyses. There was an effect of day (P&lt;0.0001) on CL diameter, but the effects of treatment (P=0.3), and the treatment-by-day interaction (P=0.1), were not significant. Follicular wave emergence occurred within 7d in 7/10 (70%) Control cows and 31/32 (97%; P&lt;0.04) EV-treated cows (one cow in late diestrus at the time of treatment did not respond to 1mg EV). Mean (±SD) interval from treatment to wave emergence was longer (P&lt;0.03) in cows treated with 5mg EV (4.8±1.2d) than in those treated with 1mg (3.2±0.9 days) or 2mg EV (3.4±0.8 days), while Control cows were intermediate (3.8±2.0 days). Although follicular wave emergence tended (P&lt;0.09) to be more synchronous in cows receiving EV, intervals from CIDR removal to estrus (P=0.7) and ovulation (P=0.8) did not differ among groups. Diameter of the dominant follicle was smaller (P&lt;0.04) at CIDR removal and tended to be smaller (P&lt;0.08) just prior to ovulation in the 5mg EV group (8.5±2.2 and 13.2±0.6mm, respectively) than in the Control (11.8±4.6 and 15.5±2.9mm, respectively) or 1mg EV (11.7±2.5 and 15.1±2.2mm, respectively) groups, with the 2mg EV group (10.7±1.5 and 14.3±1.7mm, respectively) intermediate. Diameter of the dominant follicle at CIDR removal was less variable (P&lt;0.01) in the 2 and 5mg EV groups than in the Control group and intermediate in the 1mg EV group. In summary, dose of EV affected follicular dynamics, interval to and synchrony of follicular wave emergence, and dominant follicle diameter at CIDR removal and just prior to ovulation in CIDR-treated cows. However, interval from CIDR removal to estrus and ovulation was not affected by treatment. Results suggest that a dose of 2mg EV may be most efficacious in synchronizing follicular wave emergence in CIDR-treated cows.

scholarly journals 14OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN COWS TREATED WITH A CIDR, ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE LATE IN THE ESTROUS CYCLE

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Kastelic ◽  
M.G. Colazo ◽  
J.A. Small ◽  
D.R. Ward ◽  
R.J. Mapletoft
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

The objective was to characterize ovarian follicular dynamics in beef cows treated with a CIDR (Bioniche Animal Health; Belleville, Ontario, Canada) and an injection of estradiol-17β (E2), with or without progesterone (P4), late in the estrous cycle. Previously synchronized, non-lactating, crossbred beef cows (n=36) received a CIDR (Day 0) 16 to 18 days after ovulation and were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: no further treatment (Control, n=12), an injection of 5mg E2 (E2, n=12), or 5mg E2 plus 100mg P4 (E2P4, n=12; both from Sigma Chemical Co., St.Louis, MO, USA) i.m. in 2mL canola oil. On Day 7, CIDR were removed and cows received 500μg i.m. of cloprostenol (Estrumate, Schering Plough Animal Health, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). Ovaries were examined once daily by transrectal ultrasonography to detect ovarian follicle growth profiles, and determine the time of ovulation. Blood samples were taken daily for progesterone determination. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (LSD and Bartlett’s tests), Student’s t-test and chi-square procedures. Diameter of the CL and the dominant follicle, and progesterone concentration on Day 0 did not differ among groups (P=0.6; overall mean (±SD), 16.8±2.7mm, 14.1±2.0mm, and 1.5±1.9ngmL, respectively). Thirteen cows ovulated within 3 days of treatment (50% of E2- and E2P4-treated cows and 8.3% of Control cows; P=0.05); cows that ovulated had smaller CL diameters (15.2±1.7 v. 17.7±2.7mm; P&lt;0.004) and lower progesterone concentrations (0.4±0.2 v.2.1±2.2ngmL; P&lt;0.001) at the time of treatment. Follicular wave emergence occurred within 7 days in 4/12 Control cows, 10/12 E2-treated cows, and 10/12 E2P4-treated cows (P&lt;0.01). Although the interval from treatment to wave emergence did not differ among treatments (P=0.8; overall, 3.4±1.5 days), follicular wave emergence was more synchronous (P&lt;0.004) in the E2 group than in the Control or E2P4 groups. At CIDR removal, dominant follicle diameter was larger (P&lt;0.02) in the Control group (15.9±5.5mm) than in the E2 (11.9±1.8mm) or E2P4 (11.5±3.4mm)groups, but dominant follicle diameter was less variable (P&lt;0.003) in the E2 group than in the other two groups. Three cows did not ovulate after CIDR removal; two in the Control group and one in the E2P4 group. Interval to ovulation was shorter (P&lt;0.05) in the Control group (70.8±10.5h)than in the E2 (87.0±9.0h) or E2P4 (86.2±7.2h) groups, and the intervals to ovulation in cows that ovulated following treatment (91.0±8.0h) was longer (P&lt;0.001) than in those that did not (76.6±9.6h). In summary, treatment of cows with an estradiol-progesterone protocol late in the estrous cycle resulted in ovulation (50.0%), atresia (33.3%) or persistence (16.6%) of the dominant follicle present at that time. As length of follicular dominance and timing of ovulation were affected, fertility may be impaired following AI.

Optimization of Novel Follicle Culture System to Generate Developmentally Competent Oocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongwon Kim ◽  
Jung Kyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown ◽  
Follicle Culture ◽  
Nuclear Maturation ◽  
Follicle Diameter

This study aimed to develop a novel culture system for porcine ovarian follicles that yields developmentally competent oocytes. We mechanically isolated ovarian follicles of various sizes 325–500 mm and treated them with ovine follicle stimulating hormone OFSH at different concentrations 0–400 mIU. Follicle diameter, antrum formation and cumulus oocyte complex COC recovery rate were significantly higher p andlt; 0.05 under the 0 and 50 mIU OFSH treatments compared with the remaining concentrations 100, 200 and 400 mIU. Additionally, follicles cultured for 3 and 4 d differed significantly p andlt; 0.05 in follicle diameter, antrum formation rate and COC recovery from those cultured for 5 and 6 d. Follicle characteristics did not differ across diameter: those at 250–300, 301–400 and 401–500 mm in vitro had antrum formation rates of 90%, 92% and 90%, along with COC recovery of 78%, 82% and 85%, respectively. Furthermore, nuclear maturation percentages for oocytes that experienced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) were 10%, 13% and 14%, depending on the size of the originating follicle (250–300, 301–400 and 401–500 mm). Nuclear maturation for metaphase II (MII) oocytes derived from follicles of those three sizes were 1%, 2% and 1%, respectively. After 3 d of culture, the 250–300 mm group differed significantly from other size groups in follicle diameter and COC recovery. This study provides insight into establishing effective protocols of ovarian follicle culture, thus improving efforts to preserve large-mammal fertility.

scholarly journals Ovarian Follicle Growth during Lactation Determines the Reproductive Performance of Weaned Sows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania P. Lopes ◽  
Lorena Padilla ◽  
Alfonso Bolarin ◽  
Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez ◽  
Jordi Roca
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Follicular Size ◽  
Follicle Size

Factors causing variability in ovarian follicle size among weaned sows are not well known. This field study aimed to disclose influencing factors and evaluate if the differences at weaning were established during lactation. Ovaries were scanned using transrectal ultrasound. The first experiment was conducted over a year with 191 randomly chosen sows that were hierarchically grouped (p < 0.001) according to ovarian follicle diameter reached at weaning: Small (0.20–0.30 cm; n = 37), medium (0.31–0.39 cm; n = 75), and large (0.40-1.00 cm; n = 69). Sows with small follicles showed a higher incidence of post-weaning anestrus (p < 0.01), longer wean-to-estrus/ovulation intervals (p < 0.01) and farrowing smaller litters (p < 0.05). Ovaries with small follicles were more common among sows weaned in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.01) and among sows of lower parity (1–3) (p < 0.05). In the second experiment, with 40 sows randomly chosen at farrowing, the ovaries were scanned at 7, 14, and 21 d post-partum. Sows showed great variability in ovarian follicular size during lactation with a consistent relationship between the three measurement times (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Follicle size was smaller in sows nursing in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.05). In conclusion, early lactation dictates the great variability in ovarian follicular diameter at weaning shown by sows. Sows with smaller follicles at weaning had longer intervals for estrus and ovulation and smaller litters at farrowing and they were in greater numbers among sows weaned during the summer and fall and among those with fewer previous farrowing.

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