Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about dining out with food allergies: A cross-sectional survey of restaurant customers in the United States

Purpose. To describe the prevalence and determinants of sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among U.S. adults Design. A cross-sectional survey was used. Setting. The study was set in the United States in 2012. Subjects. Participants were 6122 U.S. adults. Measures. Sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were measured. Analysis. Chi-squared tests were used to determine differences in sodium-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviors by respondent characteristics; multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between selected respondent characteristics and health professional advice, reported action, or knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (adjusted for all other respondent characteristics). Results. About three-fourths of respondents answered eating too much sodium is “somewhat” or “very” harmful to their health. Twenty-six percent reported receiving health professional advice, and 45% reported taking action to reduce their sodium intake. The prevalence of reported action was highest among adults receiving advice, those with hypertension, blacks, and those aged ≥65 years. Sixty-two percent who reported action agreed that most of their sodium comes from processed or restaurant foods. Of those reporting action, the most common tactics to reduce sodium intake were checking nutrition labels, using other spices than salt, and choosing low-sodium foods; requesting lower-sodium options when eating out was the least common tactic. Conclusion. Results suggest almost half of adults overall and the vast majority of those receiving health professional advice are taking some action to watch or reduce sodium intake. Although a substantial proportion report using recommended tactics to lower intake, many are not using the most effective tactics. In order to reach the general population, health communication messages could be simpler and focus on the most effective tactics to reduce sodium intake. Furthermore, health professionals can help reduce sodium intake by discussing the benefits of sodium reduction and tactics to do so, regardless of a hypertension diagnosis.

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Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Latinas in cleaning occupations in northern New Jersey: a cross-sectional mixed methods study

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s12995-021-00343-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Erin Speiser ◽

Genevieve Pinto Zipp ◽

Deborah A. DeLuca ◽

Ana Paula Cupertino ◽

Evelyn Arana-Chicas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Focus Groups ◽

Chemical Exposure ◽

The United States ◽

Low Literacy ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

And Behaviors ◽

At Home

Abstract Background In the United States, 88.3% of all 1,163,000 maids and housekeeping cleaners are female, and approximately half of them Latinas. Latinas are understudied and underrepresented in health research, particularly involving chemical exposure in cleaning practices, lack of job training, and inadequate access to personal protective equipment. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to examine the knowledge (via training experiences), attitudes and behaviors of a heterogeneous group of Latinas who clean occupationally and 2) to assess their cleaning practices at work and at home. Methods This mixed-method study consisted of two phases: 1) three focus groups to explore knowledge (via training experiences), attitudes, and behaviors regarding cleaning practices (N = 15) and 2) a 43-question cross-sectional survey. Focus group audio recordings were analyzed using descriptive and in vivo coding and then coded inductively to explore thematic analysis. Statistical analysis of the survey evaluated means, frequency and percentage for each of the responses. Results Participants (n = 9) were women (mean age = 48.78 and SD = 6.72) from South America (n = 5), Mexico (n = 1), El Salvador (n = 1) and Dominican Republic (n = 2). The mean length of time living in the US was 18.78 years and over half (55.6%) worked in the cleaning industry for 10 or more years. Findings from the three focus groups (n = 15) included that training in cleaning often occurred informally at a very young age at home. Participants reported cleaning in groups where tasks are rotated and/or shared. Most were the primary person cleaning at home, suggesting increased exposure. Gloves and masks were the most frequently used PPE, but use was not consistent. For participants who purchase their own products, driving factors included price, smell and efficacy. Some participants used products supplied or preferred by the employer. Conclusions Latinas in cleaning occupations face a range of social and health barriers including lack of safety and health training, inadequate PPE and low literacy. To address these issues, the development of an intervention is warranted to provide training and resources for this critical population of essential workers.

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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Training among Medical Schools in the United States

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health ◽

10.1177/21501327211028713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 215013272110287

Author(s):

Robert L. Cooper ◽

Mohammad Tabatabai ◽

Paul D. Juarez ◽

Aramandla Ramesh ◽

Matthew C. Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Hiv Prevention ◽

Injection Drug Users ◽

Drug Users ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Medical Schools ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to be an effective method of HIV prevention for men who have sex with-men (MSM) and -transgender women (MSTGWs), serodiscordant couples, and injection drug users; however fewer than 50 000 individuals currently take this regimen. Knowledge of PrEP is low among healthcare providers and much of this lack of knowledge stems from the lack or exposure to PrEP in medical school. We conducted a cross sectional survey of medical schools in the United States to assess the degree to which PrEP for HIV prevention is taught. The survey consisted Likert scale questions assessing how well the students were prepared to perform each skill associated with PrEP delivery, as well as how PrEP education was delivered to students. We contacted 141 medical schools and 71 responded to the survey (50.4%). PrEP education was only reported to be offered at 38% of schools, and only 15.4% reported specific training for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) patients. The most common delivery methods of PrEP content were didactic sessions with 11 schools reporting this method followed by problem-based learning, direct patient contact, workshops, and small group discussions. Students were more prepared to provide PrEP to MSM compared to other high-risk patients. Few medical schools are preparing their students to prescribe PrEP upon graduation. Further, there is a need to increase the number of direct patient contacts or simulations for students to be better prepared.

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Use of diagnostic tests by dermatologists, podiatrists and family practitioners in the United States: pilot data from a cross-sectional survey

Mycoses ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01422.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

pp. 463-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rebecca L. Koshnick ◽

Kia K. Lilly ◽

Katherine St Clair ◽

Mary T. Finnegan ◽

Erin M. Warshaw

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pilot Data ◽

Family Practitioners

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COVID-19 and the Risk for Increased Intimate Partner Violence Among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260521997454 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052199745

Author(s):

Rob Stephenson ◽

Tanaka M.D. Chavanduka ◽

Matthew T. Rosso ◽

Stephen P. Sullivan ◽

Renée A. Pitter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Social Contact ◽

The United States ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sex With Men ◽

First Time

Stay at home orders–intended to reduce the spread of COVID-19 by limiting social contact–have forced people to remain in their homes. The additional stressors created by the need to stay home and socially isolate may act as triggers to intimate partner violence (IPV). In this article, we present data from a recent online cross-sectional survey with gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in the United States to illustrate changes in IPV risks that have occurred during the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. The Love and Sex in the Time of COVID-19 survey was conducted online from April to May 2020. GBMSM were recruited through paid banner advertisements featured on social networking platforms, recruiting a sample size of 696 GBMSM. Analysis considers changes in victimization and perpetration of IPV during the 3 months prior to the survey (March-May 2020) that represents the first 3 months of lockdown during the COVID-19 epidemic. During the period March-May 2020, 12.6% of participants reported experiencing any IPV with higher rates of emotional IPV (10.3%) than sexual (2.2%) or physical (1.8%) IPV. Of those who reported IPV victimization during lockdown, for almost half this was their first time experience: 5.3% reported the IPV they experienced happened for the first time during the past 3 months (0.8% physical, 2.13% sexual, and 3.3% emotional). Reporting of perpetration of IPV during lockdown was lower: only 6% reported perpetrating any IPV, with perpetration rates of 1.5% for physical, 0.5% for sexual, and 5.3% for emotional IPV. Of those who reported perpetration of IPV during lockdown, very small percentages reported that this was the first time they had perpetrated IPV: 0.9% for any IPV (0.2% physical, 0.2% sexual, and 0.6% emotional). The results illustrate an increased need for IPV resources for GBMSM during these times of increased stress and uncertainty, and the need to find models of resource and service delivery that can work inside of social distancing guidelines while protecting the confidentiality and safety of those who are experiencing IPV.

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Similarities and Differences in COVID-19 Awareness, Concern, and Symptoms by Race and Ethnicity in the United States: Cross-Sectional Survey (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.20001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jeb Jones ◽

Patrick S Sullivan ◽

Travis H Sanchez ◽

Jodie L Guest ◽

Eric W Hall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Online Survey ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

The United States ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Hispanic White

BACKGROUND Existing health disparities based on race and ethnicity in the United States are contributing to disparities in morbidity and mortality during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted an online survey of American adults to assess similarities and differences by race and ethnicity with respect to COVID-19 symptoms, estimates of the extent of the pandemic, knowledge of control measures, and stigma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe similarities and differences in COVID-19 symptoms, knowledge, and beliefs by race and ethnicity among adults in the United States. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March 27, 2020 through April 1, 2020. Participants were recruited on social media platforms and completed the survey on a secure web-based survey platform. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics related to COVID-19 by race and ethnicity. Statistical tests were corrected using the Holm Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A total of 1435 participants completed the survey; 52 (3.6%) were Asian, 158 (11.0%) were non-Hispanic Black, 548 (38.2%) were Hispanic, 587 (40.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 90 (6.3%) identified as other or multiple races. Only one symptom (sore throat) was found to be different based on race and ethnicity (<i>P</i>=.003); this symptom was less frequently reported by Asian (3/52, 5.8%), non-Hispanic Black (9/158, 5.7%), and other/multiple race (8/90, 8.9%) participants compared to those who were Hispanic (99/548, 18.1%) or non-Hispanic White (95/587, 16.2%). Non-Hispanic White and Asian participants were more likely to estimate that the number of current cases was at least 100,000 (<i>P</i>=.004) and were more likely to answer all 14 COVID-19 knowledge scale questions correctly (Asian participants, 13/52, 25.0%; non-Hispanic White participants, 180/587, 30.7%) compared to Hispanic (108/548, 19.7%) and non-Hispanic Black (25/158, 15.8%) participants. CONCLUSIONS We observed differences with respect to knowledge of appropriate methods to prevent infection by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Deficits in knowledge of proper control methods may further exacerbate existing race/ethnicity disparities. Additional research is needed to identify trusted sources of information in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black communities and create effective messaging to disseminate correct COVID-19 prevention and treatment information.

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Brief Report

10.1093/oso/9780190057008.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 181-196

Author(s):

Sean G Massey ◽

Richard E. Mattson ◽

Mei-Hsiu Chen ◽

Melissa Hardesty ◽

Ann Merriwether ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Emerging Adult ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trend Study ◽

Attraction Behavior ◽

Survey Responses

This trend study analyzed 9 years (2011–2019) of cross-sectional survey responses to Klein’s Sexual Orientation Grid to explore changes in sexual orientation among emerging adult college students. Categorical regression models based on ordinal responses revealed that participants were moving away from exclusive heterosexuality on attraction, behavior, and identity subscales at a rate of approximately 6% per year. This trend augments for women after 2014, coinciding with increased advocacy efforts related to U.S. marriage equality, but attenuates for men. Participants’ race also related to variations in sexual orientation: Black participants were less likely than White participants to identify as exclusively heterosexual, whereas the pattern reversed for Asian participants relative to White participants. These findings suggest that changes in sexual orientation are occurring among emerging adults in the United States, potentially in response to changing social and political contexts, but these changes are more pronounced in women and Black emerging adults.

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COVIDiots and Cogency

Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies - Rationalist Bias in Communication Theory ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-7439-3.ch004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 62-85

Author(s):

Roy Schwartzman ◽

Jenni M. Simon

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Heuristics And Biases ◽

Health Campaigns ◽

Broadcast Media ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

And Behaviors ◽

Public Health Campaigns ◽

Health Experts

The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States spawns a perplexing polemic. Intransigent coronavirus skeptics who defy public health recommendations often get cast as ideological zealots or as perniciously ignorant. Both characterizations overlook a more fundamental epistemic opposition. The authors recast the conflict between COVID-19 skeptics and public health advocates as the rhetorical incompatibility between the deliberative, scientifically grounded public health experts and the intuitive, emotion-driven mental heuristics of the non-compliant. This study examines the discourse of COVID-19 misinformation purveyors on broadcast media and online. Their main contentions rely on heuristics and biases that collectively not only undermine trust in particular medical experts, but also undercut trust in the institutions and reasoning processes of science itself. The findings suggest ways that public health campaigns can become more effective by leveraging some of the intuitive drivers of attitudes and behaviors that scientists and argumentation theorists routinely dismiss as fallacious.

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Assessment of Intravitreal Injection Training among U.S.-Based Ophthalmology Residents

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1688912 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (01) ◽

pp. e43-e49

Author(s):

Jacob J. Liechty ◽

Michael J. Wilkinson ◽

Esther M. Bowie

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intravitreal Injection ◽

Povidone Iodine ◽

The United States ◽

Intravitreal Injections ◽

First Year ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Residency Program Directors ◽

Procedure Room

Purpose To describe the intravitreal injection training of ophthalmology residents in the United States in 2018. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods An anonymous, 29-question, internet-based survey was emailed to 119 ophthalmology residency program directors with the instructions to forward the survey to their ophthalmology residents. Results A total of 117 ophthalmology residents (7.89%) responded to the survey. The majority of residents stated that their intravitreal injection training began during their first year of ophthalmology training, PGY 2 year, (92.3%). The majority of residents performed at least 25 injections per year (78.6%). All residents use antiseptic on the conjunctiva prior to the injection, 94% use a lid speculum, and 84.6% avoided talking in the procedure room. Most injections are performed with gloves (83.8%). A minority of residents stated that they are trained to use povidone-iodine on the eyelids prior to performing an injection (45.3%). Only 6.0% of residents claimed to use postinjection antibiotic drops. Performance of bilateral, simultaneous intravitreal injections was split with nearly half of residents not being trained in this method (47.9%). Conclusion Ophthalmology residents from across the country experience a variety of different injection protocols when being trained on how to perform intravitreal injections. Conjunctival antisepsis has reached a clear consensus while topics such as simultaneous, bilateral injections and eyelid antisepsis are still uncertain among the resident community.

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Perspectives in Treatments of End-Stage Ankle Arthritis Among Orthopaedic Surgeons

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011418779976 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 247301141877997

Author(s):

Phinit Phisitkul ◽

Natalie Glass ◽

Patrick B. Ebeling ◽

Sandra E. Klein ◽

Jeffrey E. Johnson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Total Ankle Replacement ◽

Ankle Arthritis ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Orthopaedic Surgeons ◽

Ankle Replacement ◽

End Stage

Background: This study aimed to assess the preferred operative treatment for patients over the age of 60 with end-stage ankle arthritis and perspectives on total ankle replacement (TAR) among American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) members. Associated factors were analyzed for potential contraindications among members with different levels of experience. Method: A questionnaire containing 6 questions was designed and sent to 2056 members of the AOFAS. Responses were received from 467 orthopaedic surgeons practicing in the United States (76%), Canada (5%), and 26 other countries (20%). Participants were grouped for response comparisons according to country as well as experience level. Differences in contraindications were compared using χ2 tests or exact tests. Results: Respondents practicing in the United States and surgeons who perform 11 or more TARs per year tended to recommend operative treatments favoring TAR and displayed recognition of its increasing role ( P < .05). Overall, respondents felt that 41% of typical patients over 60 years old with end-stage arthritis would be best treated with TAR. Talus avascular necrosis, morbid obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m2), and poorly controlled diabetes with neuropathy were most recognized as the absolute contraindications to TAR. Surgeon’s experience affected the consideration of these clinical factors as contraindications. Conclusions: Total ankle replacement has a substantial and increasing role in the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis in patients over the age of 60. Absolute and potential contraindications of the procedures were indicated from a cross-sectional survey of AOFAS members. Surgeons more experienced with total ankle replacement felt more comfortable employing it in a wider range of clinical settings. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic.

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