Vegetable oils and animal fats as alternative fuels for diesel engines with dual fuel operation

The depletion of oil fields and the deteriorating environmental situation leads to the need for the search of new alternative sources of energy. Actuality of the article due to the need for greater use of the alternative fuels in internal combustion engines is necessary. Fuels produced from vegetable oils and animal fats as advanced alternative fuels for diesel engines are considered. These fuels are produced from renewable raw materials and are characterized by good environmental qualities. Advantages of using fuels of vegetable origin as motor fuels are shown. Experimental research of diesel engine D-245.12S functioning on mixtures of diesel fuel and mustard oil of various percentage is given. One of the most wide spread vegetable oils in Russia is mustard oil. Possible ways of using mustard oil as fuel for a diesel engine are considered. An opportunity of improving characteristics of exhaust gases toxicity by using these mixtures as a fuel for automobile and tractor diesel engines is demonstrated.

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Investigation of the Influence of Different Vegetable Oils as a Component of Blended Biofuel on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine for Agricultural Machinery and Commercial Vehicles

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources10080074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Vladimir Markov ◽

Vyacheslav Kamaltdinov ◽

Sergey Devyanin ◽

Bowen Sa ◽

Anatoly Zherdev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Agricultural Machinery ◽

Commercial Vehicles ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Performance And Emission ◽

Specific Emissions

Biofuels derived from renewable plant materials are considered promising alternative fuels to decrease emissions of ICEs. This study aimed to justify the possibility of using vegetable oils of different sources as a 10% additive in blended biofuel for diesel engines of agricultural machinery and commercial vehicles. Seven different vegetable oils were investigated. Experiments have been performed by fueling a diesel engine with blended biofuels of 90% petroleum diesel fuel and 10% vegetable oil. In the maximum power and maximum torque modes, the brake power drop was no more than 1.5%, and the brake-specific fuel consumption increase was less than 4.3%; NOx emissions were reduced by up to 8.3%, exhaust smoke—up to 37.5%, CO—up to 20.0%, and unburned HC—up to 27.9%. In the operating modes of the European 13-mode steady-state test cycle, the integral specific emissions of HC decreased by up to 30.0%, integral specific emissions of CO—up to 15.0%, and integral specific emissions of NOx—up to 16.0%. The results obtained show the feasibility and rationality of using the investigated vegetable oils as a 10% additive in blended biofuel for diesel engines of agricultural machinery and commercial vehicles.

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USE OF VEGETABLE OIL AS A FUEL IN A MEDIUM SPEED DIESEL ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

10.20998/0419-8719.2021.2.11 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 79-86

Author(s):

O. Hrabovenko ◽

S. Dotsenko ◽

V. Nesterenko ◽

I. Shvets

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Arable Land ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Engine Operation

While being highly fuel-efficient, diesel engines are defined by relatively high emissions, which have a negative impact on people and the environment. In the future, most European countries plan to abandon the use of diesel engines after 2030. One way to use this type of engines is to convert them to alternative fuels from renewable energy sources, such as vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower and soya bean oils). A significant advantage of vegetable oils is that when they hit the ground, they break down in a couple of weeks. Sulfur oxides are virtually absent due to the small amount of sulfur in vegetable oils in the engine exhaust gases. Other environmental factors include reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides NOx, carbon monoxide CO, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon black C. However, it should be noted that the use of vegetable-based fuel involves problems related to fuel preparation, consideration of physical and chemical properties and proper engine operation and use of arable land for the cultivation of vegetable oils. The article presents the results of experimental studies to determine the effective performance of soybean oil, six cylinder, four-stroke supercharged diesel engine (26 – the diameter of the cylinder, cm; 34 – the piston stroke, cm) produced by "Pervomaiskdieselmash", which is a part of the stationary diesel generator (DGA-900) with the capacity of 900 kW. This diesel engine is with an undivided combustion chamber ("Geselman" type), gas turbine supercharging and intermediate charge air cooling. Soybean oil is more viscous and has better lubrication properties of conjugated vapors and engine components, as a result, the lifespan of the engine and high-pressure fuel pump increases by an average of 60%. However, more viscous soybean oil impairs fuel mixing, spraying and combustion. Starting qualities of the engine also deteriorate. On the other hand, as the temperature rises, the viscosity of soybean oil decreases sharply. The reasons which led to the emergence of the above-mentioned problems have been analysed. In addition, the features and advantages of the cogeneration power plant have been described, which makes it possible to obtain two forms of useful energy at the output such as thermal and electric. The use of cogeneration significantly increases the overall efficiency of the plant; it provides significant opportunities for efficient heat utilization and achieving maximum economic effect.

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97/01335 Thermodynamic analysis of the engine internal process to determine the suitability of vegetable oils as alternative fuels for diesel engines

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/s0140-6701(97)83106-2 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 105

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Analysis ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Internal Process

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Investigation of parameters of mixing and heat formation of diesel engines in the process of using alternative fuels

Oil and Gas Power Engineering ◽

10.31471/1993-9868-2020-1(33)-109-123 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109-123

Author(s):

V. M. Melnyk ◽

M. M. Liakh ◽

M. M. Synoverskyi

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Raw Material ◽

Opening Angle ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Animal Fats ◽

The Core ◽

Engine Power

Today in Ukraine and the world there is a growing shortage of commercial fuels for engines. This is due to the tendency to regulate the production of hydrocarbons, which is the main raw material for their production. Therefore, in order to reduce oil imports, alternative fuels for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are be-coming more widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuels in countries with limited fuel and energy resources, as well as in highly developed countries that have the ability to purchase liquid energy. Biodiesel fuel (biodiesel, RME, RME, FAME, EMAG, etc.) is an environmentally friendly type of biofuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and used to replace petroleum diesel fuel. In the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel on the Renault 2.5 DCI engine, the average diameter of the fuel droplets is increased and the flare opening angle is reduced. This leads to impaired fuel distribution in the areas of the spray torch. Only 50% of the fuel is in the jet shell, which leads to impaired mixing of fuel with air. In the core of the wall there is 18% of fuel, which will spread along the walls and mix poorly with air. The remaining 36% of the fuel will be in the core of the jet, the front of the free jet and the areas of intersection of the near-wall streams, and will partially participate in the mixing. The use of biodiesel fuel RME B100 leads to a delay of heat by 18-20 degrees of rotation of the crankshaft, which will increase fuel consumption and reduce engine power. Thus, according to studies of the Renault 2.5 DCI engine on commercial and biodiesel RME B100, it is established that the use of biodiesel leads to a deterioration of the mixture due to reduced heat and as a result increases fuel consumption, reducing engine power.

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Control Using Lookup Table on Dual Fuel Diesel Engines

INTEK Jurnal Penelitian ◽

10.31963/intek.v7i1.1605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Ignatius R Mardiyanto ◽

Indriyani Indriyani ◽

Bambang Puguh Manunggal

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Control Method ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Lookup Table ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

System Control ◽

Oil Reserves ◽

Control Pattern ◽

Gas Fuel

Concerns about the availability of fuel oil reserves and air pollution have encouraged innovation to use of alternative fuels in diesel engines. Single fuel Diesel engines modified with a dual fuel, which is a mixture of diesel and gas. The problem of using mixed fuels is that the flashpoint of natural gas must meet the ignition requirements on diesel engines. The consumption of gas fuel in diesel engines, by the load, can continue to work using dual fuel. In this research, the gas fuel supply to control pattern used of dual-fuel with adjusted to the diesel engine load. The lookup table control method, one of the branches of expert system control, apply to change the valve opening of the gas valve. The efficiency of the control results being slightly lower than if manually controlled but still higher than if the fuel only uses diesel fuel.

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SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE OF DIESELS WHEN USING BIOFUELS

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

10.20998/0419-8719.2021.1.03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-25

Author(s):

V.M. Bgantsev

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Mineral Fuel ◽

Biodiesel Fuels

The use of biological fuels based on vegetable oils and other similar raw materials in diesel engines in developed countries can reduce the cost of mineral diesel fuel and improve the environment. This issue is relevant for Ukraine as well, in connection with which the governing bodies pay great attention to it. The deepening of knowledge in the study of the peculiarities of the flow of operating cycles of diesel engines, their power and toxic characteristics at the same time contributes to the optimization of the use of these types of fuel. In this work, the main issues related to the use of vegetable oils, such as sunflower, rapeseed, corn oils and their ethyl esters, both in pure form and in a mixture with mineral diesel fuel, are considered as a biological component of fuel. Theoretical issues and experimental data related to the use of these fuels in diesel engines are considered. Experimental studies were carried out on diesel engines D21A and four-cylinder - Skoda - an analogue of the 1.9-liter Volkswagen engine with turbocharging. Economic and toxic characteristics were obtained by load and speed characteristics. There is an increase in the consumption of mixed fuel in comparison with mineral fuel, the toxic characteristics were better in some indicators, in some cases, for example, when operating at increased capacities, they worsened relative to those when operating on mineral fuel. The basic principles of the effective use of biofuels in transport diesel engines are formulated in terms of energy and toxic indicators, as well as the corrosive effect of blended biofuels on fuel equipment. Today, gas stations in Ukraine only sell alternative fuels for gasoline engines. These are mixtures in various proportions of gasoline and bioethanol with a content of the latter up to 35–40% by volume. The price of such fuel is lower than the price of gasoline. Biodiesel fuels are not commercially available, although they would also cost less than mineral diesel fuel. It is likely that the use of biodiesel fuels is restrained due to the need to adapt the diesel engine to these fuels and to monitor the state of the fuel equipment. However, these costs are small and can be easily compensated for by the difference in the price of mineral and biodiesel fuels. It can be assumed that, first of all, biodiesel will be introduced into agricultural machinery.

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A Review on Microalgae Biodiesel Production and its Usage in Direct Injection Diesel Engines as Alternate Fuel

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.776 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 787 ◽

pp. 776-781

Author(s):

V. Venkatesan ◽

N. Nallusamy

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Alternate Fuel

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for automotive engines due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources, increasing energy demands and environmental concerns. The biodiesel can be obtained from various bio energy resources such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the use of biodiesel derived from edible oils such as palm oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil has negative impact on global food market. Biodiesel from microalgae is considered as a third generation biofuel derived from non-edible resources and best suited for internal combustion engines. Microalgae have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption due to its high oil content and fast growing ability. This paper provides a brief overview of biodiesel production from microalgae biomass and its suitability as alternate fuel in diesel engines. This review highlights the selection of suitable algae species for oil production, fuel properties in comparison with standard diesel and other biodiesel fuels, performance, combustion and emission characteristics when used in engines, and the economical aspects. Further, the research and development aspects of biodiesel from microalgae as fuel for automobile diesel engines are also reviewed.

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Effects of triglyceride gasoline blends on combustion and emissions in a common rail direct injection diesel engine

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/1468087417740316 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1068-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arunachalam Lakshminarayanan ◽

Daniel B Olsen ◽

Perry E Cabot

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Compression Ignition Engine ◽

Unleaded Gasoline ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Volume Measurements

This study presents the combustion and emission results using a blend of unrefined triglycerides (straight vegetable oils) and regular unleaded gasoline in a compression ignition engine typically used in farming machinery. Most farm equipment is powered by diesel engines. A sizable cost of producing a crop on a farm can be attributed to fuel—diesel in such cases. Farmers and researchers have been interested in the use of alternative fuels, especially triglycerides, which could potentially bring down the fuel cost portion of the farm input costs. One of the major drawbacks of using unrefined triglycerides is poor cold flow properties due to high density and viscosity. To overcome this, the triglycerides can be blended with gasoline to lower the density and viscosity. This blend has been used in existing diesel engines without the need for any modification to the engine or its control system. The experiments were conducted on a 4.5-L Tier 3 engine. The fuel used was a blend of unrefined canola triglyceride and regular unleaded gasoline (10% by volume). Measurements include mass fraction burned combustion pressure, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The fuel consumption of TGB10 was lower than most straight vegetable oils found in the literature, but higher than diesel. The peak pressure of TGB10 was slightly higher than diesel and occurred earlier than diesel. The brake-specific NOx was lower than diesel at lower and no load points. Particulate matter emissions of TGB10 were higher than diesel at rated speed. Total hydrocarbon emissions were generally higher than diesel. CO emissions were lower than diesel except at low or no load points where they were significantly higher.

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Jatropha oil methyl ester and its blends used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci0903207y ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 207-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rao Yarrapathruni ◽

Sudheer Voleti ◽

Reddy Pereddy ◽

Raju Alluru

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Diesel Engines ◽

Thermal Efficiency ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Jatropha Oil ◽

Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽

Blended Fuels

Biomass derived vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for agricultural diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the transesterification process. In this present work, the performance of single cylinder water-cooled diesel engine using methyl ester of jatropha oil as the fuel was evaluated for its performance and exhaust emissions. The fuel properties of biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point, carbon residue, and specific gravity were found. Results indicate that B25 has closer performance to diesel and B100 has lower brake thermal efficiency mainly due to its high viscosity compared to diesel. The brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel and its blends was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel fuel at tested load conditions and there was no difference of efficiency between the biodiesel and its blended fuels. For jatropha biodiesel and its blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature increased with the increase of power and amount of biodiesel. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiency, lower smoke, and CO2 and CO emissions.

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