To spike or to localize? Strategies to improve the prediction of local soil properties using regional spectral library

Geoderma ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 406 ◽  
pp. 115501
Author(s):  
Wartini Ng ◽  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Edward Jones ◽  
Alex McBratney
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Local Soil

Thinking globally or acting locally? Belowground biotic responses to local- and broad- scale variations in mountain soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Stokes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Broad Scale

<p>Soil is a hyper-heterogeneous environment, and how plants respond to changes in belowground variations in microclimate, soil properties and biota is extremely difficult to disentangle. Environmental gradients have been proposed as useful to help understand how root traits mediate plant responses to soil hyper-heterogeneity, and if in turn, there is a feedback mechanism that then impacts soil processes.</p><p>We present data from studies of forests and prairies situated along temperate elevational gradients. We measured functional traits from individual plant species and also in species mixtures at the community level. Distinct patterns in aboveground traits were found with increasing altitude. However, even though there were changes in soil biota, physical and chemical properties along gradients, we show that at the species level, several plant root traits were more sensitive to variations in local soil properties, compared to global variations along the elevation gradient. At the community level however, patterns of trait variation in individual species were often masked. Earthworm populations were also mostly driven by local soil properties, and elevation and plant species composition had only an indirect effect on population size. We also demonstrate that increased diversity in soil microbial communities was linked to the species composition of vegetation at a local level, rather than broad scale soil or climate characteristics.</p><p>Results will be discussed with regard to their impact on shaping soil processes such as carbon stockage, aggregation and hydraulic conductivity. Integrating these data into conceptual models of mountain ecosystem functioning is a challenging next step.</p>

scholarly journals The response of invertebrate populations in three undisturbed soils in southwestern Ontario, Canada, to variations in local soil properties, seasonal changes, and climate

2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Ian W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Factor Space ◽  
Climate Variations ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Invertebrate Taxon ◽  
Undisturbed Soils ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Summer Minimum

Three distinctly different undisturbed mature forested sites at the northern limits of the Carolinian forest system in Lambton County, Ontario, were examined to test the hypothesis that the abundance of each order of soil invertebrates captured is dependent on a unique set of soil properties, seasonal changes, and climate variations. Sixteen independent variables were recorded over five consecutive years. With the exception of rainfall, air temperature, and soil temperature, means of the measured variables differed significantly (P < 0.05) among soils. Twenty-eight taxa of invertebrates were captured, of which Acari, Collembola, and Nematoda were most abundant. Only the mean of total abundance and the mean abundance of Acari, Nematoda, and Haplotaxida differed significantly (P < 0.05) among soils. Haplotaxida was the only taxon in all three soils found to be influenced significantly (P < 0.05) by seasonal variation. The usual mid-summer minimum in the abundance of Haplotaxida was latest and most clearly defined in the clay soil and earliest and least clearly defined in the sand soil. Regression analysis showed that each site is sufficiently separated in the factor space observed that the abundance of each invertebrate taxon is dependent on different combinations of local variables. The hypothesis was rejected.

Soil properties: their prediction and feature extraction from the LUCAS spectral library using deep convolutional neural networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhong ◽  
Xi Guo ◽  
Zhe Xu ◽  
Meng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Large Soil

&lt;p&gt;Soil, as a non-renewable resource, should be monitored continuously to prevent its degradation and promote sustainable agricultural management. Soil spectroscopy in the visible-near infrared range is a fast and cost-effective analytical technique to predict soil properties. The use of large soil spectral libraries can reduce the work needed to reliably estimate soil properties and obtain robust models capable of widespread applicability. Deep learning is apt for big data analysis, and this approach could herald a profound change in the way we model soil spectral data generally. Accordingly, we explored the modeling potential of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for soil properties based on a large soil spectral library. The European topsoil dataset provided by the Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) was used without any pre-processing of spectra or covariates added. Two 16-layer DCNN models (ResNet-16 and VGGNet-16) were successfully used to make regression predictions of seven soil properties and classification predictions of soil texture into four groups and 12 levels. Our results showed that the ResNet-16 and VGGNet-16 models produced highly accurate predictions for most soil properties, being superior to either a shallow convolutional neural network and&amp;#160;traditional machine learning approaches. Soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity, pH, and calcium carbonate content were well predicted, having a ratio of performance to deviation (RPD)&amp;#160;&gt; 2.0. Soil potassium content was adequately predicted (1.4 &amp;#8804; RPD&amp;#160;&amp;#8804; 2.0) and phosphorous content was poorly predicted (RPD&amp;#160;&lt; 1.4). The overall classification accuracy of soil texture was 0.749&amp;#160;(four groups) and 0.566&amp;#160;(12 levels). The position of feature wavelengths differed among the soil properties, for which multiple characteristic peaks were common. This study fully demonstrates the modeling potential of deep learning with soil hyperspectral data, which could bring us closer to achieving precision agriculture.&lt;/p&gt;

Drivers and outcomes of salt marsh erosion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D'Alpaos ◽  
Marcella Roner ◽  
Laura Tommasini ◽  
Alvise Finotello ◽  
Massimiliano Ghinassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Lateral Erosion

&lt;p&gt;Salt marshes are widespread features of tidal landscapes and exert a primary control on the ecomorphodynamic evolution of these environments, delivering valuable ecosystem services. Among the latter, salt marshes furnish a shoreline buffer between the mainland and the sea, dissipating waves and mitigating erosion during storms, filter nutrients and pollutants, serve as an organic carbon sink, and provide diverse ecological habitats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sustainability of most of the modern salt-marsh systems worldwide is threatened by increasing anthropogenic pressures, as well as by changes in climate forcings. Particularly, the dramatic decrease in marsh extent, observed worldwide during the last centuries, has long been ascribed to the combined effects of rising relative sea level and sediment starvation. However, even though both those processes may cause the drowning of extensive salt-marsh areas, recent studies have demonstrated that the great majority of salt marshes worldwide are being lost due to the lateral erosion of their margins. If on the one hand the lateral retreat triggered by wind waves is recognized as a primary driver for salt-marsh lateral retreat, on the other hand it still remains questionable whether different local soil properties (e.g., water content, dry bulk density, organic matter content, inorganic grain size) and vegetation cover actively affect the resistance, and ultimately the erosion, of salt-marsh margins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here we investigate, by means of numerical modelling combined with field and laboratory analyses, how the interplays between incoming wave power, ecological features, and soil properties influence the erosion rates of salt-marsh margins in the Venice lagoon (Italy).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We show that lateral erosion rates of salt marshes are primarily controlled by the incoming wind-wave power, mediated by the presence of different halophytes, whereas significant influence of soil properties is observed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Erosion rates are reduced in marsh edges colonized by particular associations of halophytic vegetation species, and along gently sloped and irregular margins facing very shallow tidal flats. Conversely, erosion rates are enhanced in cliffed margins exhibiting smooth planform morphologies, which are typically stricken by strong wind waves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By clarifying the interactions between the dynamics and functional shapes of salt marsh edges, our observations might be valuable for the conservation and restoration of salt-marsh landscapes, especially in the face of a globally changing climate.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Pervasive and strong effects of plants on soil chemistry: a meta-analysis of individual plant ‘Zinke’ effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20151001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie G. Waring ◽  
Leonor Álvarez-Cansino ◽  
Kathryn E. Barry ◽  
Kristen K. Becklund ◽  
Sarah Dale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Plant Effects ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Managed Ecosystems

Plant species leave a chemical signature in the soils below them, generating fine-scale spatial variation that drives ecological processes. Since the publication of a seminal paper on plant-mediated soil heterogeneity by Paul Zinke in 1962, a robust literature has developed examining effects of individual plants on their local environments (individual plant effects). Here, we synthesize this work using meta-analysis to show that plant effects are strong and pervasive across ecosystems on six continents. Overall, soil properties beneath individual plants differ from those of neighbours by an average of 41%. Although the magnitudes of individual plant effects exhibit weak relationships with climate and latitude, they are significantly stronger in deserts and tundra than forests, and weaker in intensively managed ecosystems. The ubiquitous effects of plant individuals and species on local soil properties imply that individual plant effects have a role in plant–soil feedbacks, linking individual plants with biogeochemical processes at the ecosystem scale.

scholarly journals Is Standardization Necessary for Sharing of a Large Mid-Infrared Soil Spectral Library?

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6729
Author(s):  
Shree R. S. Dangal ◽  
Jonathan Sanderman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Calibration Transfer ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Spectral Libraries

Recent developments in diffuse reflectance soil spectroscopy have increasingly focused on building and using large soil spectral libraries with the purpose of supporting many activities relevant to monitoring, mapping and managing soil resources. A potential limitation of using a mid-infrared (MIR) spectral library developed by another laboratory is the need to account for inherent differences in the signal strength at each wavelength associated with different instrumental and environmental conditions. Here we apply predictive models built using the USDA National Soil Survey Center–Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (NSSC-KSSL) MIR spectral library (n = 56,155) to samples sets of European and US origin scanned on a secondary spectrometer to assess the need for calibration transfer using a piecewise direct standardization (PDS) approach in transforming spectra before predicting carbon cycle relevant soil properties (bulk density, CaCO3, organic carbon, clay and pH). The European soil samples were from the land use/cover area frame statistical survey (LUCAS) database available through the European Soil Data Center (ESDAC), while the US soil samples were from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). Additionally, the performance of the predictive models on PDS transfer spectra was tested against the direct calibration models built using samples scanned on the secondary spectrometer. On independent test sets of European and US origin, PDS improved predictions for most but not all soil properties with memory based learning (MBL) models generally outperforming partial least squares regression and Cubist models. Our study suggests that while good-to-excellent results can be obtained without calibration transfer, for most of the cases presented in this study, PDS was necessary for unbiased predictions. The MBL models also outperformed the direct calibration models for most of the soil properties. For laboratories building new spectroscopy capacity utilizing existing spectral libraries, it appears necessary to develop calibration transfer using PDS or other calibration transfer techniques to obtain the least biased and most precise predictions of different soil properties.

Fine-root distributions of Central European forest soils and their interaction with site and soil properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann ◽  
Klaus von Wilpert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Central European ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Root Distributions

Fine-root distributions (FRDs) of forest stands are hypothesized to be a reflection of the influence of site properties on the intrinsic rooting strategies of trees. Based on forest soil survey data, we present a multivariate approach to identify the main parameters of FRD patterns of Central European forests, compare them with the FRD model according to Gale and Grigal (1987), and aim to detect the decisive site and soil properties. Two main parameters for the description of FRDs were found: one describes “shallowness” and the other additionally characterizes “divergence” from an evenly decreasing FRD with depth. With these two parameters, distinct FRD patterns could be described better than with absolute values of depth-dependent fine-root densities or with the compared FRD model. Comparing all sites, no significant differences occurred regarding stand types for most of the analysed fine-root parameters. Specific site and soil properties were seemingly more responsible for the expression of FRD. Results of multivariate analyses suggest that the shape of FRDs is mainly a reflection of the trees’ strategy to optimally adapt to the local soil physical and hydrological conditions. Soil chemical properties were of increased relevance when sites with either spruce or beech were analysed and for the prediction of uneven FRDs. The applied soil survey design enabled us to identify parameters, which can describe FRD patterns and how they are influenced by several soil and site properties in general. These multivariate relationships should be considered and discussed in the context of ecological forest models in further research.

scholarly journals Pesticides in a case study on no-tillage farming systems and surrounding forest patches in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlo Alves da Silva ◽  
Vitoria Beltrame Nicola ◽  
Rafaela Tavares Dudas ◽  
Wilian Carlo Demetrio ◽  
Lilianne dos Santos Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Local Soil

AbstractWith the growing global concern on pesticide management, the relationship between its environmental recalcitrance, food security and human health has never been more relevant. Pesticides residues are known to cause significant environmental contamination. Here, we present a case study on long-term no-tillage farming systems in Brazil, where Glyphosate (GLY) has been applied for more than 35 years. GLY and its main breakdown product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were determined in topsoil (0–10 cm) samples from no-tillage fields and nearby subtropical secondary forests by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. In addition, the presence of carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates and triazines were also screened for. GLY and AMPA were present in all soil samples, reaching values higher than those described for soils so far in the literature. A significant decrease for AMPA was observed only between the secondary forest and the farm's middle slope for site B. GLY and AMPA were observed respectively at peak concentrations of 66.38 and 26.03 mg/kg soil. GLY was strongly associated with forest soil properties, while AMPA associated more with no-tillage soil properties. Soil texture was a significant factor contributing to discrimination of the results as clay and sand contents affect GLY and AMPA retention in soils. This was the first study to report DDT and metabolites in consolidated no-tillage soils in Brazil (a pesticide fully banned since 2009). Based on human risk assessment conducted herein and the potential risk of GLY to local soil communities, this study offers a baseline for future studies on potential adverse effects on soil biota, and mechanistic studies.

scholarly journals <i>STH-net</i>: a model-driven soil monitoring network for process-based hydrological modelling from the pedon to the hillslope scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Martini ◽  
Simon Kögler ◽  
Manuel Kreck ◽  
Kurt Roth ◽  
Ulrike Werban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Soil Monitoring ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics ◽  
Local Soil

Abstract. The Schäfertal hillslope site is part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory and its soil water dynamics is being monitored intensively as part of an integrated, long-term, multi-scale and multi-temporal research framework linking hydrological, pedological, atmospheric and biodiversity-related research to investigate the influences of climate and land use change on the terrestrial system. Here, a new soil monitoring network, indicated as STH-net, has been recently implemented to provide high-resolution data about the most relevant hydrological variables and local soil properties. The monitoring network is spatially optimized, based on previous knowledge from soil mapping and soil moisture monitoring, in order to capture the spatial variability of soil properties and soil water dynamics along a catena across the site as well as in depth. The STH-net comprises eight stations instrumented with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, soil temperature probes and piezometers. Furthermore, a weather station provides data about the meteorological variables. A detailed soil characterization exists for locations where the TDR probes are installed. All data are measured at a 10-minutes interval since January 1st, 2019. The STH-net is intended to provide scientists with high-quality data needed for developing and testing modelling approaches in the context of vadose-zone hydrology at spatial scales ranging from the pedon to the hillslope. The data are available from the EUDAT portal (https://b2share.eudat.eu/records/e2a2135bb1634a97abcedf8a461c0909 ) (Martini et al., 2020).

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