Abstract
Objective
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease more common in women than men, usually diagnosed between 20-30 years of age. Approximately 50% of individuals with MS develop cognitive dysfunction, with men and progressive MS subtype cases at higher risk (Beatty & Aupperle, 2002). Mr. Doe’s case is unique because he was diagnosed with primary progressive MS at age 56 and demonstrated only mild cognitive dysfunction.
Method
Mr. Doe presented to his neurologist with complaints of extreme fatigue, slowed processing, and sensory and motor disturbances. He was seen for neuropsychological evaluation one year after diagnosis and was reassessed one year later. He reported worsening mood including passive suicidal ideation since diagnosis. He reported difficulties with work duties (attorney) and household demands due to gradual motor and sensory disturbances, slowed processing speed, fatigue, and mood disturbance.
Results
Mr. Doe’s initial neuropsychological assessment revealed variability in auditory working memory, weakness in sustained visual attention, and mild deficits in upper extremity fine motor dexterity. Memory, executive functioning, language, and processing speed were all intact unless a motor component was involved (mild decline after one year). His cognitive performances remained generally stable after one year, but depression, anxiety, and hopelessness levels were all significantly worse.
Conclusions
Although Mr. Doe’s impairments are extremely mild and somewhat unexpected given the primary progressive MS diagnosis, his gender, and age, the affected domains are consistent with the diagnosis. This case demonstrates the importance of understanding base rates for conditions we assess, but also not ruling out lower base rate conditions.
Flow Cytometry Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Monocytes in Patients With Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction