The strategic reading brain development: An eye-tracking study of the text reading in typically-developing and dyslexic children

2018 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. S50-S51
Author(s):  
A.N. Kornev ◽  
I. Balciuniene ◽  
S.R. Oganov
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Strategic Reading ◽  
Text Reading

scholarly journals Investigating Gaze Behaviour of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Classroom Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aideen McParland ◽  
Stephen Gallagher ◽  
Mickey Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Promising Application ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Operant Training

AbstractA defining feature of ASD is atypical gaze behaviour, however, eye-tracking studies in ‘real-world’ settings are limited, and the possibility of improving gaze behaviour for ASD children is largely unexplored. This study investigated gaze behaviour of ASD and typically developing (TD) children in their classroom setting. Eye-tracking technology was used to develop and pilot an operant training tool to positively reinforce typical gaze behaviour towards faces. Visual and statistical analyses of eye-tracking data revealed different gaze behaviour patterns during live interactions for ASD and TD children depending on the interaction type. All children responded to operant training with longer looking times observed on face stimuli post training. The promising application of operant gaze training in ecologically valid settings is discussed.

scholarly journals German children’s processing of morphosyntactic cues in wh-questions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATTY SCHOUWENAARS ◽  
PETRA HENDRIKS ◽  
ESTHER RUIGENDIJK
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
German Children

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the effects of case and verb agreement cues on the comprehension and production of which-questions in typically developing German children (aged 7–10) and adults. Our aims were to determine (a) whether they make use of morphosyntactic cues (case marking and verb agreement) for the comprehension of which-questions, (b) how these questions are processed, and (c) whether the presence and position of morphosyntactic cues available for the listener influence the speaker’s production of which-questions. Performance on a picture selection task with eye tracking shows that children with low working memory make less use of morphosyntactic cues than children with high working memory and adults when interpreting object questions. Gaze data of both groups reveal garden-path effects and revisions for object and passive questions, which can be explained by a constraint-based account. Furthermore, children’s difficulties with object questions are related to the type of disambiguation cue. In a question elicitation task with patient-initial items, children overall prefer production of passives, whereas adults’ productions depend on the availability of disambiguation cues for the listener.

scholarly journals Habitual sleep is associated with both source memory and hippocampal subfield volume during early childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Riggins ◽  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Typically Developing

Abstract Previous research has established important developmental changes in sleep and memory during early childhood. These changes have been linked separately to brain development, yet few studies have explored their interrelations during this developmental period. The goal of this report was to explore these associations in 200 (100 female) typically developing 4- to 8-year-old children. We examined whether habitual sleep patterns (24-h sleep duration, nap status) were related to children’s performance on a source memory task and hippocampal subfield volumes. Results revealed that, across all participants, after controlling for age, habitual sleep duration was positively related to source memory performance. In addition, in younger (4–6 years, n = 67), but not older (6–8 years, n = 70) children, habitual sleep duration was related to hippocampal head subfield volume (CA2-4/DG). Moreover, within younger children, volume of hippocampal subfields varied as a function of nap status; children who were still napping (n = 28) had larger CA1 volumes in the body compared to children who had transitioned out of napping (n = 39). Together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that habitually napping children may have more immature cognitive networks, as indexed by hippocampal integrity. Furthermore, these results shed additional light on why sleep is important during early childhood, a period of substantial brain development.

scholarly journals Context Modulates Attention to Faces in Dynamic Social Scenes in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dzmitry A. Kaliukhovich ◽  
Nikolay V. Manyakov ◽  
Abigail Bangerter ◽  
Gahan Pandina
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Social Scenes

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been found to view social scenes differently compared to typically developing (TD) peers, but results can vary depending on context and age. We used eye-tracking in children and adults (age 6–63) to assess allocation of visual attention in a dynamic social orientation paradigm previously used only in younger children. The ASD group (n = 94) looked less at the actor’s face compared to TD (n = 38) when they were engaged in activity (mean percentage of looking time, ASD = 30.7% vs TD = 34.9%; Cohen’s d = 0.56; p value < 0.03) or looking at a moving toy (24.5% vs 33.2%; d = 0.65; p value < 0.001). Findings indicate that there are qualitative differences in allocation of visual attention to social stimuli across ages in ASD.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02668991.

scholarly journals Individual variation underlying brain age estimates in typical development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Ball ◽  
Claire E Kelly ◽  
Richard Beare ◽  
Marc L Seal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Feature Importance ◽  
Brain Age ◽  
Age Estimates ◽  
Age Prediction

AbstractTypical brain development follows a protracted trajectory throughout childhood and adolescence. Deviations from typical growth trajectories have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Recently, the use of machine learning algorithms to model age as a function of structural or functional brain properties has been used to examine advanced or delayed brain maturation in healthy and clinical populations. Termed ‘brain age’, this approach often relies on complex, nonlinear models that can be difficult to interpret. In this study, we use model explanation methods to examine the cortical features that contribute to brain age modelling on an individual basis.In a large cohort of n=768 typically-developing children (aged 3-21 years), we build models of brain development using three different machine learning approaches. We employ SHAP, a model-agnostic technique to estimate sample-specific feature importance, to identify regional cortical metrics that explain errors in brain age prediction. We find that, on average, brain age prediction and the cortical features that explain model predictions are consistent across model types and reflect previously reported patterns of regional brain development. However, while several regions are found to contribute to brain age prediction, we find little spatial correspondence between individual estimates of feature importance, even when matched for age, sex and brain age prediction error. We also find no association between brain age error and cognitive performance in this typically-developing sample.Overall, this study shows that, while brain age estimates based on cortical development are relatively robust and consistent across model types and preprocessing strategies, significant between-subject variation exists in the features that explain erroneous brain age predictions on an individual level.

scholarly journals Evidence of Parallel Processing During Translation

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Winther Balling ◽  
Kristian Tangsgaard Hvelplund ◽  
Annette C. Sjørup
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Second Language Reading ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Congruence Effect ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Bilingual Reading ◽  
Text Reading

Three eye tracking experiments test the hypothesis that translation involves parallel rather than sequential processing of the source and target texts. In Experiment 1, a group of professional translators translated texts from their native language Danish into English. The texts included both segments where the order of verb and subject was congruent between source and target text and segments that were non-congruent. Translators gazed significantly longer at the non-congruent segments of the source text, indicating that the structure of the target text is anticipated during source text reading. Two follow-up experiments on first and second language reading demonstrate that this congruence effect in translation is not the result of the non-congruent Danish segments being inherently more difficult than the congruent ones and that the effect is not a general effect in bilingual reading. We conclude that translation is a parallel process and that literal translation is likely to be a universal initial default strategy in translation. This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that all three experiments were relatively naturalistic, due to the combination of remote eye tracking and mixed-effects regression modeling.

scholarly journals Eye movements during the reading of narrative and poetic texts.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Jacobs ◽  
Jana Lüdtke ◽  
Johanna Kaakinen ◽  
Lynn S. Eekhof
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Software Skills ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/358415199 Despite a wealth of studies using eye tracking to investigate mental processes during vision or reading, the investigation of oculomotor activity during natural reading of longer texts –be it newspaper articles, narratives or poetry– is still an exception in this field (as evidenced by the program of ECEM 2017 in Wuppertal). Following up on our symposium at ECEM 2017, here we bring together eye movement research on natural text reading to report recent progress in a coordinated way sharing data, experiences and software skills in this highly complex subfield. More specifically, in this symposium we will address several challenges faced by an eye tracking perspective on the reading of longer texts which involve a surplus of intervening variables and novel methods to analyze the data. In particular, the following issues will be addressed: - Which text-analytical and statistical methods are best to deal with the myriad of surface and affective semantic features potentially influencing eye movements during reading of ‘natural’ texts? - What are the pros and cons of using machine learning assisted predictive modeling as an alternative to the standard GLM/LMM frameworks? - Which kind of theoretical models can deal with the level of complexity offered by reading longer natural texts?  

scholarly journals Strategy use on bounded and unbounded number lines in typically developing adults and adults with dyscalculia: An eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fae Aimée van der Weijden ◽  
Erica Kamphorst ◽  
Robin Hella Willemsen ◽  
Evelyn H. Kroesbergen ◽  
Anne H. van Hoogmoed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Target Number ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Pure Number ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
New Strategies

Recent research suggests that bounded number line tasks, often used to measure number sense, measure proportion estimation instead of pure number estimation. The latter is thought to be measured in recently developed unbounded number line tasks. Children with dyscalculia use less mature strategies on unbounded number lines than typically developing children. In this qualitative study, we explored strategy use in bounded and unbounded number lines in adults with (N = 8) and without dyscalculia (N = 8). Our aim was to gain more detailed insights into strategy use. Differences in accuracy and strategy use between individuals with and without dyscalculia on both number lines may enhance our understanding of the underlying deficits in individuals with dyscalculia. We combined eye-tracking and Cued Retrospective Reporting (CRR) to identify strategies on a detailed level. Strategy use and performance were highly similar in adults with and without dyscalculia on both number lines, which implies that adults with dyscalculia may have partly overcome their deficits in number sense. New strategies and additional steps and tools used to solve number lines were identified, such as the use of the previous target number. We provide gaze patterns and descriptions of strategies that give important first insights into new strategies. These newly defined strategies give a more in-depth view on how individuals approach a number lines task, and these should be taken into account when studying number estimations, especially when using the unbounded number line.

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