8559 Background: Potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of metastatic melanoma have emerged, to which pharmacological inhibitors have been designed, which may enhance tumor chemosensitivity. In melanoma, dacarbazine is considered to be the most effective agent although total responses do not exceed 20% The clinical activity of temozolomide is similar to that of dacarbazine, but temozolomide has the advantages of being absorbed orally and of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Many clinical trials of targeted therapy and chemotherapy combinations lack rigorous preclinical evaluation and may neglect relevant mechanistic interactions. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR (AKT) and RAS-RAF- MEK-ERK (MAPK) signaling pathways are constitutively activated in melanoma, and appear to play a role in chemoresistance. Methods: In this study, a panel of pharmacological inhibitors was utilized in order to block the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways at different levels (AKT: PI3K, mTOR; MAPK: RAF, MEK) in 5 human metastatic melanoma cell lines. The effects on chemosensitivity to temozolomide and cisplatin was then investigated. Results: The effects of most inhibitors on chemosensitivity varied significantly between the different cell lines. However, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, consistently enhanced chemosensitivity. Treatment of melanoma cells with temozolomide or cisplatin combined with LY294002 or rapamycin had a strong effect on melanoma cell growth and survival. Invasive melanoma growth in organotypic cultures of human skin was suppressed completely. The most pronounced potentiation of efficacy was seen with temozolomide in combination with rapamycin. Conclusions: These data suggest that LY294002 and rapamycin can render melanoma cells susceptible to apoptosis, induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as temozolomide and cisplatin. Since both temozolomide and rapamycin are used clinically, the combination of temozolomide with rapamycin might potentially be utilized as an approach in melanoma treatment. This combination merits clinical investigation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Anti-tumor effects of bakuchiol on human gastric carcinoma cell lines are mediated through PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways
