Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 Expression is Changed During Bladder Cancer Cell Invasion

The severity of the bladder carcinoma (BC) is directly linked to cell invasion and metastasis. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) is an INF-γ-induced immunomodulating enzyme that has been linked to the cancer cell invasiveness. Because IDO1 is variable among the tumors, we analyzed its expression in the BC invasion using BC mice models and cell culture. MB49 cells were orthotopically or ectopically inoculated in C57Bl6 mice to evaluate IDO1 by immunohistochemistry. For in vitro experiments, expression of IDO1 and INF-γ was evaluated in grade-1 (RT4) and in grade-3 (T24) BC cell lines. Invading and non-invading T24 cells were separated using the Matrigel/Transwell system, of which total RNA was extracted immediately or after 2 weeks of subculture. Finally, IDO1 was silenced in T24 cells to verify its role on cell invasiveness. In both animal models, IDO1 was differentially expressed between non-invading and invading cells. In cell culture, T24 cells expressed more IDO1 than RT4 cells, independently of the INF-γ expression. IDO1 was differentially expressed between non-invading and invading T24 cells, a difference that was lost by long-time subculture. IDO1 silencing resulted in diminished cell invasiveness. In conclusion, IDO1 expression is changed during bladder carcinoma invasion, playing an important role in this process.

Cell adhesion strength and tractions are mechano-diagnostic features of cellular invasiveness

The adhesion of cells to substrates occurs via integrin clustering and binding to the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogenes modify anchorage-dependent mechanisms in cells during cancer progression. Fluid shear devices provide a label-free, non-invasive way to characterize cell-substrate interactions and heterogeneities in the cell populations. We quantified the critical adhesion strengths of MCF7, MDAMB-231, A549, HPL1D, HeLa, and NIH3T3 cells using a custom fluid shear device. The detachment response was sigmoidal for each cell type. A549 and MDAMB-231 cells had significantly lower adhesion strengths at τ50 than their non-invasive counterparts, HPL1D and MCF7. Detachment dynamics was inversely correlated with cell invasion potentials. A theoretical model, based on τ50 values and the distribution of cell areas on substrates, provided good fits to data from de-adhesion experiments. Quantification of cell tractions, using the Reg-FTTC method on 10 kPa polyacrylamide gels, showed highest values for invasive, MDAMB-231 and A549, cells compared to non-invasive cells. Immunofluorescence studies show differences in vinculin distributions: non-invasive cells have distinct vinculin puncta, whereas invasive cells have more dispersed distributions. The cytoskeleton in non-invasive cells was devoid of well-developed stress fibers, and had thicker cortical actin bundles in the boundary. These correlations in adhesion strengths with cell invasiveness, demonstrated here, may be useful in cancer diagnostics and other pathologies featuring misregulation in adhesion.

A Novel miR-98 Negatively Regulates the Resistance of Endometrial Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel by Suppressing ABCC10/MRP-7

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent gynecological tumors, and chemoresistance is a major obstacle to improving the prognosis of EC patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as crucial chemoresistance regulators that alter the levels of downstream target genes. Multidrug Resistance Protein 7 (MRP-7/ABCC10) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that causes the resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The purpose of this research is to determine whether MRP-7 has a role in mediating the sensitivity of EC cells to paclitaxel and whether the expression of MRP-7 is regulated by miR-98 and lncRNA NEAT1. We reported that the levels of MRP-7 were significantly increased in EC tissues and associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Downregulation of MRP-7 in EC cells sensitized these cells to paclitaxel and reduced cell invasion. PLAUR serves as a downstream molecule of MRP-7 and facilitates paclitaxel resistance and EC cell invasiveness. Moreover, miR-98 serves as a tumor suppressor to inhibit MRP-7 expression, leading to the repression of paclitaxel resistance. Furthermore, a novel lncRNA, NEAT1, was identified as a suppressor of miR-98, and NEAT1 could upregulate MRP-7 levels by reducing the expression of miR-98. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that upregulation of MRP-7 and NEAT1, and downregulation of miR-98 have important roles in conferring paclitaxel resistance to EC cells. The modulation of these molecules may help overcome the chemoresistance against paclitaxel in EC cells.

Identification of TRPV4 as a novel target in invasiveness of colorectal cancer

Background Emerging evidence has indicated the critical role of TRPV4 in diverse human cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of TRPV4 in colon cancer invasiveness is still unknown. Methods Immunohistochemistry staining was used to analyze the expression of TRPV4 and ZEB1 in clinical tissues; Wound healing and transwell assays were applied to determine the cell invasiveness; Western blot was used to explore the relation between TRPV4 and ZEB1. Results Colon cancer cells were transfected with siRNA against TRPV4 or HC067047 (a selective TRPV4 antagonist), TRPV4 full-length plasmid or siRNA against ZEB1, or both, in order to measure cell migration and invasion. And we found that TRPV4 silencing or inhibition exhibited an inhibitory role in colon cancer cell migration and invasion, coupled with compromised EMT process, and suppressed AKT activity. TRPV4 stimulated expression of ZEB1 and consequently contributed to EMT process and invasiveness. It was also revealed that overexpression of TRPV4 and ZEB1 in clinical patients with local metastasis, and positive correlation between TRPV4 and ZEB1. Conclusions Our results uncovered the role of TRPV4 in tumor metastasis and highlighted the potential mechanism of TRPV4-ZEB1 axis in indicating EMT.

Presenilin1 inhibits glioblastoma cell invasiveness via promoting Sortilin cleavage

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and glioblastoma are the most common and devastating diseases in the neurology and neurosurgery departments, respectively. Our previous research reports that the AD-related protein Presenilin1 represses cell proliferation by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioblastoma. However, the function of Presenilin1 and the underlying mechanism need to be further investigated. Methods The correlations of two genes were conducted on the R2 microarray platform and CGGA. Wound healing, Transwell assays and glioblastoma transplantation were performed to detect invasion ability. Phalloidin staining was employed to show cell morphology. Proximity ligation assays and protein docking assays were employed to detect two protein locations. We also employed western blotting to detect protein expression. Results We found that Presenilin1 clearly repressed the migration, invasion and mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma cells. Intriguingly, we observed that the expression of Presenilin1 was positively correlated with Sortilin, which is identified as a pro-invasion molecule in glioma. Furthermore, Presenilin1 interacted with Sortilin at the transmembrane domain and repressed Sortilin expression by cleaving it in glioblastoma cells. First, we found that Sortilin introduced the function of Presenilin1 in phosphorylating β-catenin and repressing invasion in glioblastoma cells. Last, Presenilin1 stimulation sharply suppressed the invasion and mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma in mouse subcutaneous and intracranial transplantation models. Conclusions Our study reveals that Sortilin mediates the regulation of β-catenin by Presenilin1 and transduces the anti-invasive function of Presenilin1, which may provide novel therapeutic targets for glioblastoma treatment.

Functional analysis of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I knockdown in 2D and 3D neuroblastoma cell cultures

Tumor development can be promoted/suppressed by certain N-glycans attached to proteins at the cell surface. Here we examined aberrant neuronal properties in 2D and 3D rat neuroblastoma (NB) cell cultures with different N-glycan populations. Lectin binding studies revealed that the engineered N-glycosylation mutant cell line, NB_1(-Mgat1), expressed solely oligomannose N-glycans, and verified that the parental cell line, NB_1, and a previous engineered N-glycosylation mutant, NB_1(-Mgat2), expressed significant levels of higher order N-glycans, complex and hybrid N-glycans, respectively. NB_1 grew faster than mutant cell lines in monolayer and spheroid cell cultures. A 2-fold difference in growth between NB_1 and mutants occurred much sooner in 2D cultures relative to that observed in 3D cultures. Neurites and spheroid cell sizes were reduced in mutant NB cells of 2D and 3D cultures, respectively. Cell invasiveness was highest in 2D cultures of NB_1 cells compared to that of NB_1(-Mgat1). In contrast, NB_1 spheroid cells were much less invasive relative to NB_1(-Mgat1) spheroid cells while they were more invasive than NB_1(-Mgat2). Gelatinase activities supported the ranking of cell invasiveness in various cell lines. Both palladin and HK2 were more abundant in 3D than 2D cultures. Levels of palladin, vimentin and EGFR were modified in a different manner under 2D and 3D cultures. Thus, our results support variations in the N-glycosylation pathway and in cell culturing to more resemble in vivo tumor environments can impact the aberrant cellular properties, particularly cell invasiveness, of NB.

Effect of nicotine- and tar-removed cigarette smoke extract on cancer metastasis

Cigarette smoking is known to impact the promotion of carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis. On the other hand, some components in smoke were found to have health-promoting effects, and cancer suppressor effects of components in tobacco smoke have attracted attention. Although some studies showed the cancer suppressive effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in vitro study, the effect of CSE administration on cancer is controversial. In this study, we investigated the effect of CSE-administration on tumor metastasis in a spontaneous tumor metastasis model using B16-BL6 cells, which is more clinical conditions. C57BL/6NCr mice were subcutaneously inoculated B16-BL6 cells into the footpad of the right rear leg. CSE was intraperitoneally administrated for 28 days from the day of inoculation. At 2 weeks after inoculation, the primary focus was excised. Subsequently, survival days of the mice were recorded to determine the effect of CSE-administration on spontaneous metastasis. The effect of CSE, α, β-unsaturated ketones, and aldehydes on B16-BL6 cell invasiveness were confirmed by matrigel invasion assay. Survival days of mice injected with 100% CSE was significantly shortened than that of control. B16-BL6 cell invasiveness was accelerated by the treatment with 0.1% CSE and 3 μM of crotonaldehyde. Intraperitoneal CSE-administration may progress spontaneous metastasis of B16-BL6 cells via enhancement of B16-BL6 cell invasiveness. As the cause, we found that crotonaldehyde contained in CSE may enhance the invasion ability of cancer cells. To clarify the cancer-suppressing effect of tobacco components, the effect of crotonaldehyde-removed CSE on tumor should be assessed in detail. Keywords: cigarette smoke extract (CSE), metastasis, crotonaldehyde (CA), B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells, invasion

MRPS31 loss is a key driver of mitochondrial deregulation and hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness

Deregulated mitochondrial energetics is a metabolic hallmark of cancer cells. However, the causative mechanism of the bioenergetic deregulation is not clear. In this study, we show that somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) of mitoribosomal protein (MRP) genes is a key mechanism of bioenergetic deregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Association analysis between the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 82 MRPs using The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver HCC database identified eight key SCNA-dependent MRPs: MRPS31, MRPL10, MRPL21, MRPL15, MRPL13, MRPL55, and DAP3. MRPS31 was the only downregulated MRP harboring a DNA copy number (DCN) loss. MRPS31 loss was associated specifically with the DCN losses of many genes on chromosome 13q. Survival analysis revealed a unique dependency of HCC on the MRPS31 deficiency, showing poor clinical outcome. Subclass prediction analysis using several public classifiers indicated that MRPS31 loss is linked to aggressive HCC phenotypes. By employing hepatoma cell lines with SCNA-dependent MRPS31 expression (JHH5, HepG2, Hep3B, and SNU449), we demonstrated that MRPS31 deficiency is the key mechanism, disturbing the whole mitoribosome assembly. MRPS31 suppression enhanced hepatoma cell invasiveness by augmenting MMP7 and COL1A1 expression. Unlike the action of MMP7 on extracellular matrix destruction, COL1A1 modulated invasiveness via the ZEB1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Finally, MRPS31 expression further stratified the high COL1A1/DDR1-expressing HCC groups into high and low overall survival, indicating that MRPS31 loss is a promising prognostic marker. Significance Our results provide new mechanistic insight for mitochondrial deregulation in HCC and present MRPS31 as a novel biomarker of HCC malignancy.

Optical Cellular Micromotion: A New Paradigm to Measure Tumour Cells Invasion in 3D Tumour Environments

Measuring tumour cell invasiveness through three-dimensional (3D) tissues, particularly at the single cell level, can provide important mechanistic understanding and assist in identifying therapeutic targets of tumour invasion. However, current experimental approaches, including standard in vitro invasion assays, have limited physiological relevance and offer insufficient insight about the vast heterogeneity in tumour cell migration through tissues. To address these issues, here we report on the concept of optical cellular micromotion, where digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is used to map the optical thickness fluctuations at sub-micron scale within single cells. These fluctuations are driven by the dynamic movement of subcellular structures including the cytoskeleton and inherently associated with the biological processes involved in cell invasion within tissues. We experimentally demonstrate that the optical cellular micromotion correlates with tumour cells motility and invasiveness both at the population and single cell levels. In addition, the optical cellular micromotion significantly reduced upon treatment with migrastatic drugs that inhibit tumour cell invasion. These results demonstrate that micromotion measurements can rapidly and non-invasively determine the invasive behaviour of single tumour cells within tissues, yielding a new and powerful tool to assess the efficacy of approaches targeting tumour cell invasiveness.