Allometric relationship in the bioaccumulation of radionuclides (134Cs & 241Am) and delineation of contamination pathways (food and seawater) in bloody cockle Anadara senilis using radiotracer techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Kuranchie-Mensah ◽  
Simon Pouil ◽  
Jean-Louis Teyssié ◽  
François Oberhänsli ◽  
Michel Warnau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Radiotracer Techniques

Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason F. Schreer ◽  
Kit M. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Maximum Duration ◽  
Phocid Seals ◽  
Bird Group ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Maximum diving depths and durations were examined in relation to body mass for birds, marine mammals, and marine turtles. There were strong allometric relationships between these parameters (log10 transformed) among air-breathing vertebrates (r = 0.71, n = 111 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 121 for duration), although there was considerable scatter around the regression lines. Many of the smaller taxonomic groups also had a strong allometric relationship between diving capacity (maximum depth and duration) and body mass. Notable exceptions were mysticete cetaceans and diving/flying birds, which displayed no relationship between maximum diving depth and body mass, and otariid seals, which showed no relationship between maximum diving depth or duration and body mass. Within the diving/flying bird group, only alcids showed a significant relationship (r = 0.81, n = 9 for depth). The diving capacities of penguins had the highest correlations with body mass (r = 0.81, n = 11 for depth; r = 0.93, n = 9 for duration), followed by those of odontocete cetaceans (r = 0.75, n = 21 for depth; r = 0.84, n = 22 for duration) and phocid seals (r = 0.70, n = 15 for depth; r = 0.59, n = 16 for duration). Mysticete cetaceans showed a strong relationship between maximum duration and body mass (r = 0.84, n = 9). Comparisons across the various groups indicated that alcids, penguins, and phocids are all exceptional divers relative to their masses and that mysticete cetaceans dive to shallower depths and for shorter periods than would be predicted from their size. Differences among groups, as well as the lack of relationships within some groups, could often be explained by factors such as the various ecological feeding niches these groups exploit, or by variations in the methods used to record their behavior.

scholarly journals Allometric relationship between body mass and aerobic metabolism in zebrafish Danio rerio

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lucas ◽  
A. Schouman ◽  
L. Lyphout ◽  
X. Cousin ◽  
C. Lefrancois
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Allometric Relationship

Allometric relationships between embryonic heart rate and fresh egg mass in birds

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tazawa ◽  
J.T. Pearson ◽  
T. Komoro ◽  
A. Ar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Embryonic Heart ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Precocial Birds

Previously, we have measured daily changes (developmental patterns) in embryonic heart rate (fh) in altricial and semi-altricial (ASA) birds (range of mean fresh egg mass approximately 1–20 g), semi-precocial seabirds (egg mass approximately 38–288 g) and precocial birds (egg mass approximately 6–1400 g). An allometric relationship between embryonic fh at 80 % of incubation duration (ID) and fresh egg mass (M) has been derived for six species of precocial bird (fh at 80 % ID=429M(−0.118)). In the present study, additional measurements of embryonic fh in three ASA species, the barn owl Tyto alba, the cattle egret Bubulcus ibis and the lanner falcon Falco biarmicus, were made to extend the egg mass range (20–41 g), and the allometric relationships of embryonic fh for these ASA birds and the precocial and semi-precocial (PSP) groups were investigated from published data. The developmental patterns of embryonic fh in three relatively large ASA species did not show a significant increase prior to the pipping period, unlike those in small ASA birds, but tended to be constant, with a subsequent increase during pipping. The allometric relationship derived for ASA birds was fh at 80 % ID=371M(−0.121) (r=−0.846, P<0.001, N=20) and that for PSP birds was fh at 80 % ID=433M(−0.121) (r=−0.963, P<0.001, N=13). The slopes were parallel, but fh of ASA embryos was low compared with that of PSP embryos with the same egg mass. In ASA birds, embyronic fh was maximal during the pipping (perinatal) period, and the maximum fh (fh(max)) was significantly related to fresh egg mass: fh(max)=440M(−0.127) (r=−0.840, P<0.001, N=20). The allometric relationships for fh at 80 % ID in PSP and fh(max) in ASA embryos were statistically identical. Accordingly, embryonic fh at 80 % ID in PSP birds and fh(max) during pipping in ASA birds can be expressed by a single allometric equation: fh=437M(−0.123) (r=−0.948, P<0.001, N=33).

On the vestibular labyrinth of Brachiosaurus brancai

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
A.H. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Vestibular Labyrinth ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Acoustic Nerve ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

The extensive remains of large sauropods, excavated in the Upper Jurassic layers of the Tendaguru region of Tanzania, East Africa by Janensch [15], include an intact fossil cast of a vestibular labyrinth and an endocast of the large Brachiosaurus brancai. The approximately 150 million year old labyrinth cast demonstrates clearly a form and organisation congruent in detail to those of extant vertebrate species. Besides the near-orthogonal arrangement of semicircular canals (SCCs), the superior and inferior branches of the vestibulo-acoustic nerve, the endolymphatic duct, the oval and round windows, and the cochlea can be identified. The orientation of the labyrinth in the temporal bone is also equivalent to that of many extant vertebrates. Furthermore, the existence of the twelve cranial nerves can be identified from the endocast. The present study was initiated after the photogrammetric measurement of the skeleton volume of B. brancai [13] yielded a realistic estimate of body mass (74.42 metric tons). Dimensional analysis shows that body mass and average SCC dimensions of B. brancai generally fit with the allometric relationship found in previous studies of extant species. However, the anterior SCC is significantly larger than the allometric relationship would predict. This would indicate greater sensitivity, supporting the idea that the behavioural repertoire must have included much slower pitch movements of the head. These slower movements would most likely have involved flexion of the neck, rather than head pitching about the atlas joint. Pursuing the relationship between body mass and SCC dimensions further, the SCC frequency response is estimated by scaling up from the SCC dimensions of the rhesus monkey; this yields a range between 0.008–26 Hz, approximately one octave lower than for humans.

Size Scaling of Whole-Body Maximal Enzyme Activities in Aquatic Crustaceans

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonn A. Berges ◽  
James S. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The relationships between body size and maximal activities of eight enzymes were measured in whole-body homogenates of the crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia franciscana, and Daphnia magna. Interspecifically and intraspecificaily, enzyme activities per animal (Y) scale with protein weight (W) according to the allometric relationship Y = aWb. Scaling exponents (b) varied with the enzyme examined and were usually different from 0.75. For enzymes such as citrate synthase, intraspecific and interspecific exponents were similar, but for enzymes associated with pathways other than aerobic metabolism, significant differences were found between species. For anaerobic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, these differences may relate to interspecific differences in life history and ecology. For anabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, differences may relate to differences in growth rates between species.

scholarly journals Sexual selection explains Rensch's rule of allometry for sexual size dimorphism

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1628) ◽  
pp. 2971-2979 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Dale ◽  
Peter O Dunn ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
Terje Lislevand ◽  
Tamás Székely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Rensch’S Rule ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Clear Solution ◽  
General Explanation

In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as ‘Rensch's rule’. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size.

scholarly journals How does bark contribution to postural control change during tree ontogeny? A study of six Amazonian tree species

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2641-2649
Author(s):  
Romain Lehnebach ◽  
Tancrède Alméras ◽  
Bruno Clair
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Relative Thickness ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Control Change ◽  
Bark Anatomy

Abstract Recent works revealed that bark is able to produce mechanical stress to control the orientation of young tilted stems. Here we report how the potential performance of this function changes with stem size in six Amazonian species with contrasted bark anatomy. The potential performance of the mechanism depends both on the magnitude of bark stress and the relative thickness of the bark. We measured bark longitudinal residual strain and density, and the allometric relationship between bark thickness and stem radius over a gradient of tree sizes. Constant tensile stress was found in species that rely on bark for the control of stem orientation in young stages. Other species had increasing compressive stress, associated with increasing density attributed to the development of sclereids. Compressive stress was also associated with low relative bark thickness. The relative thickness of bark decreased with size in all species, suggesting that a reorientation mechanism based on bark progressively performs less well as the tree grows. However, greater relative thickness was observed in species with more tensile stress, thereby evidencing that this reduction in performance is mitigated in species that rely on bark for reorientation.

Root activity of two citrus rootstocks assessed using radiotracer techniques

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kurien ◽  
A. M. Goswami ◽  
D. L. Deb
Keyword(s):  
Root Activity ◽  
Radiotracer Techniques
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