The internal structure of erosive and non-erosive storm events for interpretation of erosive processes and rainfall simulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 519 ◽  
pp. 3651-3663 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Todisco
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Storm Events

scholarly journals Numerical rainfall simulation with different spatial and temporal evenness by using WRF multi-physics ensembles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyang Tian ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Chuanzhe Li ◽  
Fuliang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Error ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Average Relative Error ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in this study to simulate six storm events in two semi-humid and semi-arid catchments of Northern China. The six storm events are classified into four types based on the rainfall evenness in the spatial and temporal dimensions. Two microphysics, two planetary boundary layers (PBL) and three cumulus parameterizations are combined to develop 12 physical ensembles for rainfall generation. The WRF model performs the best for Type 1 event with relatively even distributions of rainfall in both space and time. The average relative error (ARE) for the cumulative rainfall amount is 16.98 %. For the spatial rainfall simulation, the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) is found with event II (0.3989) which has the most even spatial distribution, and for the temporal simulation the lowest RMSE is found with event I (1.0171) which has the most even temporal distribution. It is found to be the most difficult to reproduce the very convective storm with uneven spatiotemporal distributions (Type 4 event) and the average relative error (ARE) for the cumulative rainfall amounts is up to 68.07 %. The RMSE results of Event III with the most uneven spatial and temporal distribution are 0.9363 for the spatial simulation and 2.7769 for the temporal simulation, which are much higher than the other storms. The general performance of the current WRF physical parameterisations is discussed. The Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ) is found to be unsuitable for rainfall simulation in the study sites. For Type 1, 2, and 4 storms, ensemble 4 performs the best. For Type 3 storms, ensemble 5 and 7 are the better choice. More guidance is provided for choosing among the physical parameterisations for accurate rainfall simulations of different storm types in the study area.

scholarly journals Numerical rainfall simulation with different spatial and temporal evenness by using a WRF multiphysics ensemble

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyang Tian ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Denghua Yan ◽  
Chuanzhe Li ◽  
Fuliang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Error ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Average Relative Error ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Physical Parameterizations

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in this study to simulate six storm events in two semi-humid catchments of northern China. The six storm events are classified into four types based on the rainfall evenness in the spatial and temporal dimensions. Two microphysics, two planetary boundary layers (PBL) and three cumulus parameterizations are combined to develop an ensemble containing 16 members for rainfall generation. The WRF model performs the best for type 1 events with relatively even distributions of rainfall in both space and time. The average relative error (ARE) for the cumulative rainfall amount is 15.82 %. For the spatial rainfall simulation, the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) is found with event II (0.4007), which has the most even spatial distribution, and for the temporal simulation the lowest RMSE is found with event I (1.0218), which has the most even temporal distribution. The most difficult to reproduce are found to be the very convective storms with uneven spatiotemporal distributions (type 4 event), and the average relative error for the cumulative rainfall amounts is up to 66.37 %. The RMSE results of event III, with the most uneven spatial and temporal distribution, are 0.9688 for the spatial simulation and 2.5327 for the temporal simulation, which are much higher than the other storms. The general performance of the current WRF physical parameterizations is discussed. The Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ) scheme is found to be unsuitable for rainfall simulation in the study sites. For type 1, 2 and 4 storms, member 4 performs the best. For type 3 storms, members 5 and 7 are the better choice. More guidance is provided for choosing among the physical parameterizations for accurate rainfall simulations of different storm types in the study area.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

The internal structure of medullated wool

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Leo Barish
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Guard Hair ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Thin Skin ◽  
Air Pockets

Although most of the wool used today consists of fine, unmedullated down-type fibers, a great deal of coarse wool is used for carpets, tweeds, industrial fabrics, etc. Besides the obvious diameter difference, coarse wool fibers are often medullated.Medullation may be easily observed using bright field light microscopy. Fig. 1A shows a typical fine diameter nonmedullated wool fiber, Fig. IB illustrates a coarse fiber with a large medulla. The opacity of the medulla is due to the inability of the mounting media to penetrate to the center of the fiber leaving air pockets. Fig. 1C shows an even thicker fiber with a very large medulla and with very thin skin. This type of wool is called “Kemp”, is shed annually or more often, and corresponds to guard hair in fur-bearing animals.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

Internal Structure of the Spanish Adaptation of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Elosua ◽  
Alicia López-Jáuregui
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
High Internal Consistency

In this study the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 was adapted to Spanish and analyzed the internal psychometric properties of the test in a clinical sample of females with eating disorders. The results showed a high internal consistency of the scores as well as high temporal stability. The factor structure of the scale composites was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results supported the existence of a second-order structure beyond the psychological composites. The second-order factor showed high correlation with the factor related to eating disorders. Overall, the Spanish version of the EDI-3 showed good psychometric qualities in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability and internal structure.

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