A new method to estimate flow conveyance in a compound channel with vegetated floodplains based on energy balance

1. A new apparatus is described with which it is possible to measure the volume (and hence density) of obese patients without requiring them to immerse totally in water. Replicate measurements of subjects with 6, 23 and 38 kg body fat had a standard deviation not greater than 0.3 kg fat.2. In nineteen obese women body fat was measured by density, total body water, and total body potassium at the beginning, and again at the end, of a period of 3–4 weeks on a reducing diet, during which they lost 5.43 (SD 1.83) kg in weight. The composition of weight loss was also estimated both by energy balance and nitrogen balance during the interval between the two measurements of body composition.3. The estimates of fat content of the nineteen women at the start of the balance period were 45.63 (SD 14.50)kg by density, 48.07 (SD 13.88) kg by K and 47.09 (SD 13.85) kg by water. The correlation coefficient between the density and K estimate was 0–949, and for the density and water estimate it was 0.971.4. It is concluded that measurement of density by the new method provides a convenient method for estimating body fatness, and change in fat content, which compares favourably with estimates based on total body water or total body K. However, these methods cannot be used to provide an accurate estimate of the composition of a small weight loss in an individual since deviations up to 4 kg fat occur between fat loss based on change in density and those based on the more reliable (but more tedious) energy balance method.

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New method for solving the energy-balance equation for moving-boundary a.c.arcs

Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers ◽

10.1049/piee.1975.0056 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 227 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H.E. Lee ◽

H.K. Messerle ◽

A.D. Stokes

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Balance Equation ◽

Moving Boundary ◽

Energy Balance Equation ◽

New Method

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Analysis of Spurious Surface Temperature at the Atmosphere–Land Interface and a New Method to Solve the Surface Energy Balance Equation

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/2008jhm1080.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 833-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hirofumi Tomita

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Balance Equation ◽

Surface Energy Balance ◽

Energy Balance Equation ◽

New Method ◽

Spurious Mode ◽

Newton Raphson ◽

Raphson Method

Abstract Solving the surface energy balance equation is the most important task when combining an atmospheric model and a land surface model. However, while the surface energy balance equation determines the interface temperature between the models, this temperature is often oscillatory and without physical significance. This paper discusses the spurious mode of surface temperature. The energy balance equation is solved by the linearization around the surface temperature in most models. When this conventional scheme is used, oscillation of surface temperature occurs, caused by the exclusion or poor consideration of the surface temperature dependence of the turbulent transfer coefficient at the surface. By more strictly solving the surface energy balance equation, no spurious mode appears. However, it is often difficult to obtain such a solution because the equation is highly nonlinear. Indeed, the Newton–Raphson method at times cannot find the convergence solution. To overcome this difficulty, a new method based on a modified Newton–Raphson method is proposed to solve the surface energy balance equation. As confirmed by conducting a long-term climate simulation, the new method can robustly obtain the true solution with reasonable computational efficiency.

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Effects of Ambipolar Diffusion on Prominence Thread Models

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100025513 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. G. Rovira ◽

J. M. Fontenla ◽

J.-C. Vial ◽

P. Gouttebroze

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Transition Region ◽

Ambipolar Diffusion ◽

Line Profiles ◽

Balance Equations ◽

Model Calculations ◽

Partial Frequency ◽

Frequency Redistribution ◽

Partial Frequency Redistribution ◽

Theoretical Structure

AbstractWe have improved previous model calculations of the prominence-corona transition region including the effect of the ambipolar diffusion in the statistical equilibrium and energy balance equations. We show its influence on the different parameters that characterize the resulting prominence theoretical structure. We take into account the effect of the partial frequency redistribution (PRD) in the line profiles and total intensities calculations.

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Influence of Magnetic Fields on Solar Hydrodynamics: Experimental Results

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110005329x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 143-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J.O. Stenflo

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Solar Atmosphere ◽

General Problem ◽

Solar Rotation ◽

Active Regions ◽

Physical Conditions ◽

Dynamic Phenomena

It is well-known that solar activity is basically caused by the Interaction of magnetic fields with convection and solar rotation, resulting in a great variety of dynamic phenomena, like flares, surges, sunspots, prominences, etc. Many conferences have been devoted to solar activity, including the role of magnetic fields. Similar attention has not been paid to the role of magnetic fields for the overall dynamics and energy balance of the solar atmosphere, related to the general problem of chromospheric and coronal heating. To penetrate this problem we have to focus our attention more on the physical conditions in the ‘quiet’ regions than on the conspicuous phenomena in active regions.

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Selective Sampling and Orientation of Non-Homogeneous Tissues

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100238 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 98-99

Author(s):

C. C. Clawson ◽

L. W. Anderson ◽

R. A. Good

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Random Sampling ◽

New Method ◽

Microscope Examination ◽

Small Areas ◽

Selective Sampling ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Specific Orientation

Investigations which require electron microscope examination of a few specific areas of non-homogeneous tissues make random sampling of small blocks an inefficient and unrewarding procedure. Therefore, several investigators have devised methods which allow obtaining sample blocks for electron microscopy from region of tissue previously identified by light microscopy of present here techniques which make possible: 1) sampling tissue for electron microscopy from selected areas previously identified by light microscopy of relatively large pieces of tissue; 2) dehydration and embedding large numbers of individually identified blocks while keeping each one separate; 3) a new method of maintaining specific orientation of blocks during embedding; 4) special light microscopic staining or fluorescent procedures and electron microscopy on immediately adjacent small areas of tissue.

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