scholarly journals A new method for measuring the body density of obese adults

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Garrow ◽  
Susan Stalley ◽  
R. Diethelm ◽  
Ph. Pittet ◽  
R. Hesp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Method ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Total Body

1. A new apparatus is described with which it is possible to measure the volume (and hence density) of obese patients without requiring them to immerse totally in water. Replicate measurements of subjects with 6, 23 and 38 kg body fat had a standard deviation not greater than 0.3 kg fat.2. In nineteen obese women body fat was measured by density, total body water, and total body potassium at the beginning, and again at the end, of a period of 3–4 weeks on a reducing diet, during which they lost 5.43 (SD 1.83) kg in weight. The composition of weight loss was also estimated both by energy balance and nitrogen balance during the interval between the two measurements of body composition.3. The estimates of fat content of the nineteen women at the start of the balance period were 45.63 (SD 14.50)kg by density, 48.07 (SD 13.88) kg by K and 47.09 (SD 13.85) kg by water. The correlation coefficient between the density and K estimate was 0–949, and for the density and water estimate it was 0.971.4. It is concluded that measurement of density by the new method provides a convenient method for estimating body fatness, and change in fat content, which compares favourably with estimates based on total body water or total body K. However, these methods cannot be used to provide an accurate estimate of the composition of a small weight loss in an individual since deviations up to 4 kg fat occur between fat loss based on change in density and those based on the more reliable (but more tedious) energy balance method.

BODY FAT OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens Osler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Infants Of Diabetic Mothers ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

ABSTRACT The body fat of newborn infants of diabetic mothers (diab. infants), normal full-term infants (norm, infants), and control infants, i. e. infants of the same gestational age as the diab. infants but born to normal mothers was determined by anthropometric measurements of the subcutaneous fat, partly by using a skin-fold caliper and partly by measuring the layer of subcutaneous tissue on X-ray films of the lower leg and chest. The thickness of the subcutaneous layer of fat was found to be increased in diab. infants by 38–46 % as compared with normal infants and by 50 % as compared with the control infants. In this connection, the author refers to his previous studies of total body water in diab. infants and normal infants, since the fat content may be estimated on the basis of a knowledge of total body water. These studies showed that the total body water of diab. infants is 10 per cent below that of normal infants. The techniques used cannot accurately determine the absolute fat content in the body, but it is illustrated by an example that the overweight of 550 g in diab. infants compared with normal control infants may be explained by an increased fat and glycogen content. Glycogen is formed in various quantities in the course of the transformation of carbohydrate into fat and is deposited, with binding of water, in the intracellular compartment. From the investigations it may be concluded that at birth diab. infants are obese and thus have a relatively low total body water. The obesity may increase the resistance to respiration and strain the cardiovascular system. The apparent paradox that despite a low body water diab. infants show a tendency to oedema, large urinary output, and marked weight loss after birth may be explained by the phenomenon that apart from being obese. they contain various quantities of glycogen which binds water in the intracellular compartment. After birth, a rapid breakdown of glycogen occurs, involving a release of water, and this results in a tendency to oedema, large urinary output, and subsequent weight loss due to the excretion of water.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
D. H. Holness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

Use of NMR for measurement of total body water and estimation of body fat

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 836-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Lewis ◽  
W. L. Rollwitz ◽  
H. A. Bertrand ◽  
E. J. Masoro
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Pulse Length ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Free Induction ◽  
Total Body

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is described for quantitatively measuring total body water (TBW) and for estimating the fat content of baboons. The hydrogen associated with water was measured as the amplitude of the free-induction decay voltage following a series of 90 degree radio frequency pulses at the Lamour frequency for hydrogen with a pulse length of 14 microseconds and a peak measuring time of 50 microseconds. TBW was calculated by multiplying the peak amplitude (volts) by the experimentally determined constant for a water standard (g water/V). This NMR method yielded TBW contents similar to those obtained in the same baboons by direct gravimetric procedures. In contrast, the widely used 3H2O-dilution method usually and variably overestimated body water. By providing an accurate measure of body water, this NMR procedure provides a rapid, noninvasive, reasonably accurate way of estimating body fat content.

In vivo estimation of body composition of lactating dairy cattle from urea space measurements

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 206-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
W J McCaughey ◽  
J.D. McEvoy ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
M G Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Space Technique ◽  
Total Body

San Pietro and Rittenberg (1953) reported that urea appeared to meet all the requirements of a satisfactory tracer. Urea is non toxic, not foreign to the body and it shows an even and rapid distribution throughout the total body water without any physiological effect. For these reasons in addition to its easy and accurate measurement, urea is an ideal candidate tracer to estimate empty body water in vivo. Total body water volume (urea space) can be estimated by dividing the total amount of urea infused by the increase in plasma urea concentration from prior to infusion until 12 or 30 minutes after mean infusion time. Kock and Preston (1973) reported significant relationships between urea space measurements and percentage of empty body fat and water in cattle. However, Andrew et al. (1995) using 21 Holstein cows showed that prediction of empty body water using the urea space technique only explained 31 % of the variation. The objective of this experiment was to use the urea dilution technique to estimate the body composition of lactating dairy cows and produce relationships between urea space and body fat and protein content.

Estimation of the body chemical composition of live cattle varying widely in fat content

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Little ◽  
R. W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYFollowing the measurement of tritiated water (TOH) spaces, 31 cattle were slaughtered and chemically analysed in this study. They included several breeds, both females and castrate males, and were of varied nutritional history. Their body-fat content ranged from 4 to 21% of fasted live weight.Total body water (including the water in the gut contents) was reliably estimated from TOH space, measured after allowing an overnight 16 h waterless fast for TOH equilibration. Following this regime, residual D.M. in the gut contents amounted to 1·75% of fasted live weight. The relationships of body fat to body weight, and body fat to body water when both were expressed as percentages of body weight, were too variable to be used in any predictive fashion. Equations were derived, using fasted live weight, allowing the accurate estimation in vivo of the quantities of the chemical components in the whole body (i.e. total body minus D.M. in gut contents).It was demonstrated that the sum of total body water and total body fat constituted virtually 80% of total body tissues, and that total body protein closely approximated 80% of the fat-free dry matter, in cattle varying widely in body condition. These relationships constitute the physiological basis of the equations presented.Comparable principles appear to apply to sheep, and a range of other mammalian species.

Effect of total body water estimates via bioimpedance on bod pod-based three-compartment body fat models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. Nickerson ◽  
Samantha V. Narvaez ◽  
Mitzy I. Juarez ◽  
Stefan A. Czerwinski
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Bod Pod ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

scholarly journals The impact of total body water on breath alcohol calculations

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 535-541
Author(s):  
Gregor S. Reiter ◽  
Markus Boeckle ◽  
Christian Reiter ◽  
Monika H. Seltenhammer
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Individual Parameter ◽  
Breath Alcohol ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Summary Due to a legislative amendment in Austria to determine breath alcohol (BrAC) instead of blood alcohol (BAC) in connection with traffic offences, many results of blood alcohol calculations were simply converted using distinct conversion factors. In Austria, the transformation of BAC to BrAC was carried out by using a factor of 1:2000, which, however, is commonly known to be too low. Noticing the great demand for a calculation method that is not exclusively based on blood alcohol, a formula for calculating breath alcohol based on blood alcohol was published in 1989, but in which the body surface area (BSA) was considered the most important influencing variable. In order to refine this new method, a liquor intake experiment was conducted combined with measurements of total body water (TBW) as an additional variable, using hand to foot bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA). The test group comprised 37 men and 40 women to evaluate the accuracy of TBW and BSA as an individual parameter for alcohol concentration. The correlation coefficient of BrAC with TBW was constantly higher than with BSA (maximum = 0.921 at 1 h and 45 min after cessation of alcohol intake). These results are valid for both men and women as well as in a gender independent calculation. Hence, for an accurate back calculation of BrAC adjusted values of eliminations rates had to be found. This study describes mean elimination rates of BrAC for both men (0.065 ± 0.011 mg/L h−1) and women (0.074 ± 0.017 mg/L h−1). As previously shown women displayed a significantly higher elimination rate than men (p = 0.006).

Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. I. Theoretical calculation of nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in man

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. R54-R59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Culebras ◽  
F. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Conformations ◽  
Molecular Conformations ◽  
Exchangeable Hydrogen ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Short Time

A theoretical calculation of the total nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in protein, carbohydrates, and fat in man has been made. It shows that of the total exchangeable hydrogen in the body 5.22% is located in biochemical components, soluble in body water, containing hydrogen that is exchangeable with the isotope. This value represents a maximum upward distortion of total body water measurements by isotope dilution, due to the maximum possible exchangeability in these molecular conformations. From comparative measurements reported in the literature it is clear that this maximum is not achieved during the short period of time during which tritium-dilution studies are performed. It is the authors' belief that the hard-to-exchange amide hydrogens described by Blout in the protein conformations account for this failure of the isotope to achieve complete exchange in the short time allowed.

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