Multivariate thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) low temperature origin for H2S production: A Fars Provinance gas field

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 103795
Author(s):  
Amir Karimian Torghabeh ◽  
Azim Kalantariasl ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ghorbani ◽  
Hasan Nematollahi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sulphate Reduction ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
H2s Production

Low-temperature sulphate reduction: biological versus abiological

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1910-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Trudinger ◽  
L. A. Chambers ◽  
J. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Sulphate Reduction ◽  
Base Metal Sulphide ◽  
Metal Sulphide ◽  
Sulphate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Sulphate Reduction ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Sulphate is considered to have been a major source of sulphide in strata-bound and stratiform base-metal sulphide deposits. Many of these deposits, however, appear to have been formed at moderate temperatures (<200 °C), which poses the question, By what mechanism(s) was sulphate reduced to sulphide? Two modes of reduction have been established experimentally: (1) catalysis by sulphate-reducing bacteria, which at present is only known to occur below ca. 100 °C; and (2) abiological reduction by ferrous iron or organic matter, which has only been clearly shown above ca. 250 °C.Several attempts have been made to demonstrate abiological reduction below 200 °C, and some new data are presented here. Although the results do not exclude the possibility that such a reaction may be geochemically significant, there has been no unequivocal demonstration of nett sulphide formation from sulphate at these temperatures.Recent studies of the microbiology of hydrothermal regions have opened up the prospect of bacterial sulphate reduction at much higher temperatures than had earlier been thought possible.

A Design Method of Supersonic Separator Used in Natural Gas Liquefaction Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 1309-1313
Author(s):  
Zeng Cai Li ◽  
Heng Sun ◽  
Bao Ling Guo ◽  
Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Laval Nozzle ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Straight Segment ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Natural Gas Liquefaction ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
Liquefaction Plant ◽  
Supersonic Separator

It is feasible to obtain low temperature that can liquefy the natural gas using supersonic separator in a liquefaction process. This paper represented a design method of the supersonic separator used in natural gas liquefaction plant, including the design of the Laval nozzle, the design of the rectifier straight segment and the design of the diffuser segment. The size of each part and the appropriate shape can be gotten by the theoretical calculation. The design results of an experiment liquefaction device using supersonic separator is given. The work is helpful for the natural gas transportation in remote and low production gas field.

scholarly journals Multi-stage Depressurization Analysis of Subsea Production System Based on LedaFlow Software

2021 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Chen ◽  
Pengpeng Ju ◽  
Xueyuan Wang ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Feilong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Subsea Production System ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

This paper briefly summarizes that during the depressurization operation in subsea pipeline for maintenance or prevention of hydrate formation, because the flare knock-out drum pump is designed for ambient temperature, and cannot deal with the low temperature fluid in the depressurization process. Therefore, the low temperature fluid needs to be heated in the knock-out drum to meet the temperature requirement of pump. In order to avoid the volume of low temperature fluid exceeding the surge volume of the flare knock-out drum, the concept of multi stage depressurization is innovatively proposed in this paper, which meets both the requirements of pump temperature and the surge volume of flare drum. Taking a gas field project in the South China Sea as an example, the simulation analysis of depressurization temperature and pressure is carried out by using different size of the blowdown valve. It provides a good reference for the similar project in future.

Application for Estimating Motion Behaviors of FPSO/FSRU and Shuttle Tanker in Alongside and Tandem Mooring Conditions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Yokozawa ◽  
Akio Ito
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Motion Estimation ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Flexible Hose ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Rigid Loading

With increasing attention to global warming, expectations for Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) System to develop a gas field of which reserve is smaller, or Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) as LNG terminal are growing. Offloading transfer of LNG requires rigid loading arm instead of flexible hose because of low temperature of LNG. It involves the relative motion estimation between LNG FPSO/FSRU and a shuttle tanker to design loading arm and to estimate operability of offloading work. The operability in environmental conditions of the sites affects on the decision of the storage capacity and the necessary number of LNG carriers for transportation. For this task of motion study, the motion estimation programs for alongside and tandem alignment have been developed. This paper presents outline of the programs and some validation results. An example of application of the calculation results to design FSRU is also shown.

Exsolution and inversion in pigeonite from the Whin Sill, Northern England

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
P.P.K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Antiphase Boundaries ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nucleation Mechanisms ◽  
And Inversion

Grains of pigeonite, a calcium-poor silicate mineral of the pyroxene group, from the Whin Sill dolerite have been ion-thinned and examined by TEM. The pigeonite is strongly zoned chemically from the composition Wo8En64FS28 in the core to Wo13En34FS53 at the rim. Two phase transformations have occurred during the cooling of this pigeonite:- exsolution of augite, a more calcic pyroxene, and inversion of the pigeonite from the high- temperature C face-centred form to the low-temperature primitive form, with the formation of antiphase boundaries (APB's). Different sequences of these exsolution and inversion reactions, together with different nucleation mechanisms of the augite, have created three distinct microstructures depending on the position in the grain.In the core of the grains small platelets of augite about 0.02μm thick have farmed parallel to the (001) plane (Fig. 1). These are thought to have exsolved by homogeneous nucleation. Subsequently the inversion of the pigeonite has led to the creation of APB's.

Low temperature x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated tobacco leaves

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
S. Edith Taylor ◽  
Patrick Echlin ◽  
May McKoon ◽  
Thomas L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
The Right ◽  
Beam Currents ◽  
The University

Low temperature x-ray microanalysis (LTXM) of solid biological materials has been documented for Lemna minor L. root tips. This discussion will be limited to a demonstration of LTXM for measuring relative elemental distributions of P,S,Cl and K species within whole cells of tobacco leaves.Mature Wisconsin-38 tobacco was grown in the greenhouse at the University of California, Berkeley and picked daily from the mid-stalk position (leaf #9). The tissue was excised from the right of the mid rib and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen slush. It was then placed into an Amray biochamber and maintained at 103K. Fracture faces of the tissue were prepared and carbon-coated in the biochamber. The prepared sample was transferred from the biochamber to the Amray 1000A SEM equipped with a cold stage to maintain low temperatures at 103K. Analyses were performed using a tungsten source with accelerating voltages of 17.5 to 20 KV and beam currents from 1-2nA.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

Field ion microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Gert Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Field Ion Microscopy ◽  
Phosphor Screen ◽  
Ion Microscopy ◽  
Field Ion Microscope

The field ion microscope, devised by Erwin Muller in the 1950's, was the first instrument to depict the structure of surfaces in atomic detail. An FIM image of a (111) plane of tungsten (Fig.l) is typical of what can be done by this microscope: for this small plane, every atom, at a separation of 4.48Å from its neighbors in the plane, is revealed. The image of the plane is highly enlarged, as it is projected on a phosphor screen with a radius of curvature more than a million times that of the sample. Müller achieved the resolution necessary to reveal individual atoms by imaging with ions, accommodated to the object at a low temperature. The ions are created at the sample surface by ionization of an inert image gas (usually helium), present at a low pressure (< 1 mTorr). at fields on the order of 4V/Å.

High-Vacuum Evaporation and a Cryostage to Observe Fractured Yeast

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Eric F. Erbe ◽  
Eugene L. Vigil
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Standard Specimen ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Sputter Coating ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Transfer Device

Investigators have long realized the potential advantages of using a low temperature (LT) stage to examine fresh, frozen specimens in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, long working distances (W.D.), thick sputter coatings and surface contamination have prevented LTSEM from achieving results comparable to those from TEM freeze etch. To improve results, we recently modified techniques that involve a Hitachi S570 SEM, an Emscope SP2000 Sputter Cryo System and a Denton freeze etch unit. Because investigators have frequently utilized the fractured E face of the plasmalemma of yeast, this tissue was selected as a standard for comparison in the present study.In place of a standard specimen holder, a modified rivet was used to achieve a shorter W.D. (1 to -2 mm) and to gain access to the upper detector. However, the additional height afforded by the rivet, precluded use of the standard shroud on the Emscope specimen transfer device. Consequently, the sample became heavily contaminated (Fig. 1). A removable shroud was devised and used to reduce contamination (Fig. 2), but the specimen lacked clean fractured edges. This result suggested that low vacuum sputter coating was also limiting resolution.

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