Scale-up of a photochemical flow reactor for the production of lignin-coated titanium dioxide as a sunscreen ingredient

Continuous manufacturing has received increasing interest because of the advantages of intrinsic safety and enhanced mass transfer in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty for scale-up has limited the application of continuous manufacturing for a long time. Recently, the tubular flow reactor equipped with the Kenics static mixer appears to be a solution for the continuous process scale-up. Although many influence factors on the mixing performance in the Kenics static mixer have been investigated, little research has been carried out on the aspect ratio. In this study, we used the coefficient of variation as the mixing evaluation index to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio (0.2–2) on the Kenics static mixer’s mixing performance. The results indicate that a low aspect ratio helps obtain a shorter mixing time and mixer length. This study suggests that adjusting the aspect ratio of the Kenics static mixer can be a new strategy for the scale-up of a continuous process in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Diels–Alder reactions of myrcene using intensified continuous-flow reactors

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.3762/bjoc.13.15 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 120-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christian H Hornung ◽

Miguel Á Álvarez-Diéguez ◽

Thomas M Kohl ◽

John Tsanaktsidis

Keyword(s):

Continuous Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Scale Up ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Alder Reaction ◽

Diels Alder ◽

Flow Reactors ◽

Diels Alder Reaction ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Continuous Flow Reactors

This work describes the Diels–Alder reaction of the naturally occurring substituted butadiene, myrcene, with a range of different naturally occurring and synthetic dienophiles. The synthesis of the Diels–Alder adduct from myrcene and acrylic acid, containing surfactant properties, was scaled-up in a plate-type continuous-flow reactor with a volume of 105 mL to a throughput of 2.79 kg of the final product per day. This continuous-flow approach provides a facile alternative scale-up route to conventional batch processing, and it helps to intensify the synthesis protocol by applying higher reaction temperatures and shorter reaction times.

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Reactor scale-up in AOPs: from laboratory to commercial scale

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0207 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 13-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C.S. Zalazar ◽

M.D. Labas ◽

C.A. Martín ◽

R.J. Brandi ◽

A.E. Cassano

Keyword(s):

Formic Acid ◽

Large Scale ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Acid Output ◽

Water Solution ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Scale Up ◽

Mass Balances ◽

Tubular Flow Reactor ◽

Tubular Flow

A procedure to scale-up photoreactors employed in AOPs using laboratory information has been developed. Operating with a model compound the proposed procedure was applied to the decomposition of formic acid in water solution using hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. With laboratory experiments the parameters of the kinetic equation were obtained in a small batch reactor operated within a recycling apparatus. The whole system was modeled employing radiation and mass balances. These balances were used together with a non-linear parameter estimator to derive the model kinetic constants. Then, these results were used in the modeling of the large-scale reactor to predict exit conversions in an isothermal, continuous, tubular flow reactor that is 2 m long and has a volume of 12 l. Once more, radiation and mass balances were used to predict formic acid output concentrations. Experimental data in the large-scale apparatus are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

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A Radial Flow Contactor for Ambient Air CO2 Capture

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10031080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qian Yu ◽

Wim Brilman

Keyword(s):

Radial Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Scale Up ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Radial Flow Reactor ◽

Continuous Application

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 can address CO2 emissions from distributed sources and produce CO2 from air virtually anywhere that it is needed. In this paper, the performance of a new radial flow reactor (RFR) for CO2 adsorption from ambient air is reported. The reactor uses a supported amine sorbent and is operated in a batch mode of operation or semi-continuously, respectively without or with sorbent circulation. The radial flow reactor, containing 2 kg of the adsorbent, is successfully scaled up from the experimental results obtained with a fixed bed reactor using only 1 g of the adsorbent. In the batch operation mode, the sorbent in the annular space of the RFR is regenerated in situ. With sorbent circulation, the RFR is loaded and unloaded batchwise and only used as an adsorber. A sorbent batch loaded with CO2 is transported to and regenerated in an external (fluid bed) regenerator. The RFR unit is characterized by a low contacting energy (0.7–1.5 GJ/ton-CO2) and a relatively short adsorption time (24–43 min) compared to other DAC processes using the same types of sorbents. The contactor concept is ready for further scale-up and continuous application.

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Photo-catalytic degradation of polyphenolic tannins in continuous-flow reactor using titanium dioxide immobilized on a cellulosic material

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (7) ◽

pp. 1454-1466

Author(s):

Abdelhadi Jouali ◽

Anas Salhi ◽

Abdelkahhar Aguedach ◽

El Kbir Lhadi ◽

Mohammed El Krati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Uv Light ◽

Catalytic Degradation ◽

Light Irradiation ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Continuous Flow Reactor ◽

Uv Light Irradiation

Abstract Tannins are recalcitrant polyphenolic molecules that resist microbial attack. Their main environmental damage is due to their low biodegradability. This work aims to investigate the photo-catalytic degradation of two commercial tannin extracts, chestnut (hydrolysable tannin) and mimosa (condensed tannin). The experiments were carried out under UV-light irradiation in a continuous-flow reactor using titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilized on cellulosic fibers. It was highlighted that photo-catalytic degradation is unfavourable in acidic medium and when the pH is too high (pH above 12); it reaches its maximum efficiency at pH 7.5 (99 and 97% for chestnut and mimosa, respectively). Nearly complete degradation of tannins requires an irradiation period of 6 h. The process efficiency is inversely affected by the concentration of tannins essentially above 75 mg/L for chestnut and 60 mg/L for mimosa. Above 240 mL/min, any increase in feed flow negatively affects the performance of the process. Furthermore, a significant decrease of treatment efficiency was seen when increasing the concentration of ethanol and salts in the medium. Obtained results suggest that UV-light irradiation in a continuous-flow photo-reactor using immobilized TiO2 may be considered as an adequate process for the treatment of water containing recalcitrant tannin molecules.

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C-Alkylation of N-alkylamides with styrenes in air and scale-up using a microwave flow reactor

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c8ob02282h ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (41) ◽

pp. 7568-7573 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joshua P. Barham ◽

Souma Tamaoki ◽

Hiromichi Egami ◽

Noriyuki Ohneda ◽

Tadashi Okamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Balance ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Scale Up ◽

Ambient Air

C-Alkylation of N-alkylamides with styrenes is reported, proceeding in ambient air/moisture to give arylbutanamides and other pharmaceutically-relevant scaffolds in excellent mass balance.

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Design and scale-up of continuous di-nitration reaction using pinched tube flow reactor

Journal of Flow Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s41981-021-00182-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arshad Hussain ◽

Mrityunjay Sharma ◽

Suneha Patil ◽

Roopashree B. Acharya ◽

Mahesh Kute ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Reactor ◽

Scale Up ◽

Tube Flow

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Photoreduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen using temperature programmed method

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/v10026-010-0022-1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 1-2 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ireneusz Kocemba ◽

Justyna Nadajczyk ◽

Jacek Góralski ◽

M. Szynkowska

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Surface Reaction ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Nickel Catalysts ◽

Photocatalytic Reduction ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Temperature Programmed Surface Reaction ◽

Temperature Programmed

Photoreduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen using temperature programmed method The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen was studied by Temperature-Programmed Surface Reaction (TPSR). This process was carried out in a flow reactor that was especially designed and constructed for this purpose. Titanium dioxide (TiO2, Degussa P-25) was used as supports for platinum, ruthenium and nickel catalysts. The experimental results indicated that the activity of photoreduction of CO2 changes as follows: Ru/TiO2 > Ni/TiO2 > = Pt/TiO2 > TiO2.

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