Proteomic characterization of larval and adult developmental stages in Echinococcus granulosus reveals novel insight into host–parasite interactions

The discussion of host–parasite interactions, and of parasite virulence more specifically, has so far, with a few exceptions, not focused much attention on the accumulating evidence that immune evasion by parasites is not only almost universal but also often linked to pathogenesis, i.e. the appearance of virulence. Now, the immune evasion hypothesis offers a deeper insight into the evolution of virulence than previous hypotheses. Sensitivity analysis for parasite fitness and life-history theory shows promise to generate a more general evolutionary theory of virulence by including a major element, immune evasion to prevent parasite clearance from the host. Also, the study of dose–response relationships and multiple infections should be particularly illuminating to understand the evolution of virulence. Taking into account immune evasion brings immunological processes to the core of understanding the evolution of parasite virulence and for a range of related issues such as dose, host specificity or immunopathology. The aim of this review is to highlight the mechanism underlying immune evasion and to discuss possible consequences for the evolutionary ecology analysis of host–parasite interactions.

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Description and Molecular Characterization of Two Species of Avian Blood Parasites, with Remarks on Circadian Rhythms of Avian Haematozoa Infections

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11123490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3490

Author(s):

Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas ◽

Rasa Binkienė ◽

Gediminas Valkiūnas

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Blood Parasites ◽

Avian Host ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Avian Blood ◽

Avian Blood Parasites ◽

Host Parasite

Avian blood parasites are remarkably diverse and frequently occur in co-infections, which predominate in wildlife. This makes wildlife pathogen research challenging, particularly if they belong to closely related groups, resulting in diagnostic problems and poor knowledge about such infections as well as the patterns of their co-occurrence and interactions. This is particularly true due to the periodicity (circadian rhythms) of parasitemia, which means that different parasitemia and parasite stages might be found throughout the day. We analysed blood samples from a Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) and a Song thrush (Turdus philomelos). This study aimed to describe a new avian Lankesterella species and molecularly characterize and redescribe Splendidofilaria mavis, a common avian filarioid nematode. Additionally, it was possible to investigate the circadian rhythms of the avian blood parasites belonging to Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Trypanosoma, which occurred in co-infection in the same avian host individuals. Different circadian rhythms were seen in different parasites, with Plasmodium sp. peaks occurring at midday, Leucocytozoon spp. peaks mainly during the evening and night, and Trypanosoma spp. and microfilariae peaks at midnight. No periodicity was seen in Haemoproteus and Lankesterella species infections. The time of parasitemia peaks most likely coincides with the time of vectors’ activity, and this should be beneficial for transmission. Knowledge about the circadian rhythms is needed for better understanding patterns in host-parasite interactions and disease transmission.

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Glycans in the roles of parasitological diagnosis and host–parasite interplay

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182019000465 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 146 (10) ◽

pp. 1217-1232

Author(s):

Carolina De Marco Veríssimo ◽

Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽

Malcolm K. Jones ◽

Alessandra L. Morassutti

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Complex Molecules ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Parasitological Diagnosis ◽

Parasite Survival ◽

Specific Receptors ◽

Secretory Products ◽

Host Parasite

AbstractThe investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host–parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.

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Molecular Evidence that Lysiphlebia japonica Regulates the Development and Physiological Metabolism of Aphis gossypii

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21134610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4610

Author(s):

Xueke Gao ◽

Hui Xue ◽

Junyu Luo ◽

Jichao Ji ◽

Lijuan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aphis Gossypii ◽

The Body ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Functional Categories ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Physiological Metabolism ◽

Major Pest ◽

Host Parasite ◽

The Relationship ◽

Insight Into

Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphididae) is a major pest in cotton. The relationship between insect host-parasitoids and their hosts involves complex physiological, biochemical and genetic interactions. This study examines changes in the development and physiological metabolism of A. gossypii regulated by L. japonica. Our results demonstrated that both the body length and width increased compared to non-parasitized aphids. We detected significantly increases in the developmental period as well as severe reproductive castration following parasitization by L. japonica. We then used proteomics to characterize these biological changes, and when combined with transcriptomes, this analysis demonstrated that the differential expression of mRNA (up or downregulation) captured a maximum of 48.7% of the variations of protein expression. We assigned these proteins to functional categories that included immunity, energy metabolism and transport, lipid metabolism, and reproduction. We then verified the contents of glycogen and 6-phosphate glucose, which demonstrated that these important energy sources were significantly altered following parasitization. These results uncover the effects on A. gossypii following parasitization by L. japonica, additional insight into the mechanisms behind insect-insect parasitism, and a better understanding of host-parasite interactions.

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Identification, characterization of functional candidate genes for host–parasite interactions in entomopathogenetic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae by suppressive subtractive hybridization

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-008-1030-4 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 671-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

You-Jin Hao ◽

Rafael Montiel ◽

Gisela Nascimento ◽

Duarte Toubarro ◽

Nelson Simoes

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Subtractive Hybridization ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Host Parasite

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E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.769922 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Lisvane Paes-Vieira ◽

André Luiz Gomes-Vieira ◽

José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Parasite Clearance ◽

Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Antiparasitic Drugs ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Belonging to the GDA1/CD39 protein superfamily, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to the monophosphate form (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Several NTPDase isoforms have been described in different cells, from pathogenic organisms to animals and plants. Biochemical characterization of nucleotidases/NTPDases has revealed the existence of isoforms with different specificities regarding divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and substrates. In mammals, NTPDases have been implicated in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. In parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Schistosoma spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, NTPDases were found on the surface of the cell, and important processes like growth, infectivity, and virulence seem to depend on their activity. For instance, experimental evidence has indicated that parasite NTPDases can regulate the levels of ATP and Adenosine (Ado) of the host cell, leading to the modulation of the host immune response. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review showing the involvement of the nucleotidases/NTPDases in parasites infectivity and virulence, and how inhibition of NTPDases contributes to parasite clearance and the development of new antiparasitic drugs.

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Treatment of Hydatid Liver Disease: What does the evidence say

JMS SKIMS ◽

10.33883/jms.v19i1.274 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

Tariq A Gojwari ◽

Tahleel A Shera ◽

Naseer A Choh ◽

Feroze A Shaheen ◽

Manjeet Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Great Majority ◽

Health Impact ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

World Health ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Parasite Biology ◽

Health Organization ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato

Cystic echinococcosis is a disease of animals and humans caused by the larval stage of of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and has a substantial public health impact globally. The condition is considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD) and neglected zoonotic disease (NZD), and prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1.Within the last 10 years, advancements have taken place in Echinococcus biology and genetics, including the delineation of new species within E.granulosus sensu lato (s.l.)2,3 and full sequencing of E. granulosus sensustricto. 2 Consequently, researchers are now provided with new tools to better understand parasite biology and host-parasite interactions, with the goal of opening new avenues for therapy 2. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) (G1-3) is responsible for the great majority of human CE worldwide (88.48%), has the most cosmopolitan distribution and is often associated with transmission via sheep as intermediate hosts.JMS 2016; 19(1):5-11

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