Glycans in the roles of parasitological diagnosis and host–parasite interplay

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 1217-1232
Author(s):  
Carolina De Marco Veríssimo ◽  
Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽  
Malcolm K. Jones ◽  
Alessandra L. Morassutti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host–parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.

scholarly journals Possible Roles of Ectophosphatases in Host-Parasite Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta T. Gomes ◽  
Angela H. Lopes ◽  
José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Hostile Environments ◽  
Host Parasite

The interaction and survival of pathogens in hostile environments and in confrontation with host immune responses are important mechanisms for the establishment of infection. Ectophosphatases are enzymes localized at the plasma membrane of cells, and their active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm. Once activated, these enzymes are able to hydrolyze phosphorylated substrates in the extracellular milieu. Several studies demonstrated the presence of surface-located ecto-phosphatases in a vast number of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Little is known about the role of ecto-phosphatases in host-pathogen interactions. The present paper provides an overview of recent findings related to the virulence induced by these surface molecules in protozoa and fungi.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of human hookworm secreted proteins using a proteogenomic approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Logan ◽  
SS Manda ◽  
YJ Choi ◽  
M Field ◽  
RM Eichenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
Host Parasite

SummaryThe human hookworm Necator americanus infects more than 400 million people worldwide, contributing substantially to the poverty in these regions. Adult stage N. americanus live in the small intestine of the human host where they inject excretory/secretory (ES) products into the mucosa. ES products have been characterized at the proteome level for a number of animal hookworm species, but until now, the difficulty in obtaining sufficient live N. americanus has been an obstacle in characterizing the secretome of this important human pathogen. Herein we describe the ES proteome of N. americanus and utilize this information to conduct the first proteogenomic analysis of a parasitic helminth, significantly improving the available genome and thereby generating a robust description of the parasite secretome. The genome annotation resulted in a a revised prediction of 3,425 fewer genes than initially reported, accompanied by a significant increase in the number of exons and introns, total gene length and the percentage of the genome covered by genes. Almost 200 ES proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS with SCP/TAPS proteins, ‘hypothetical’ proteins and proteases among the most abundant families. These proteins were compared to commonly used model species of human parasitic infections, including Ancylostoma caninum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Our findings provide valuable information on important families of proteins with both known and unknown functions that could be instrumental in host-parasite interactions, including protein families that might be key for parasite survival in the onslaught of robust immune responses, as well as vaccine and drug targets.

Excretory–secretory products of helminth parasites: effects on host immune responses

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (S1) ◽  
pp. S123-S166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Lightowlers ◽  
M. D. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYParasitic helminths excrete or secrete (ES) a variety of molecules into their mammalian hosts. The effects of these ES products on the host's immune responses are reviewed. Investigations into the source of antigenic or immunoregulatory ES products have identified the cuticular and tegumental surfaces of some nematodes and trematodes respectively as being important sources of ES products; other ES molecules are released through specialized excretory or secretory organs. It is proposed that the active shedding of surface antigens may serve as an important source of parasite antigens available to the immune system in a form in which they can be taken up and processed by antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macro-phages and certain B cells for presentation to T helper cells. The ES products of nematodes, trematodes and cestodes contribute to immune evasion strategies of the parasites through mechanisms including shedding of surface-bound ligands and cells, alteration of lymphocyte, macrophage and granulocyte functions and modulation of complement and other host inflammatory responses. Immunopathology may be induced by ES products as in the development of granulomas around entrapped schistosome eggs. In some host – parasite systems ES antigens may induce host-protective immune responses and this source of protective antigens has been utilized in the successful vaccination against helminth infections, particularly against infection with trichurid nematodes and the metacestode stage of cestode parasites. The use of ES antigens in immunodiagnosis of helminth infection is also briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Human Cystic Echinococcosis: Old Problems and New Perspectives

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Siracusano ◽  
Antonella Teggi ◽  
Elena Ortona
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread chronic endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes of the tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. CE affects humans and has a worldwide prevalence of approximately six million. In this review, we discuss current findings in diagnosis and clinical management of CE and new concepts relating toE. granulosusmolecules that directly modulate the host immune responses favouring a strong anti-inflammatory response and perpetuating parasite survival in the host. New insights into the molecular biology ofE. granulosuswill improve considerably our knowledge of the disease and will provide new potential therapeutic applications to treat or prevent inflammatory immune-mediated disease.

scholarly journals The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidussystem: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. BARBER ◽  
J. P. SCHARSACK
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Behaviour

SUMMARYPlerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusinfect the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, with important consequences for the biology of host fish. Techniques for culturing the parasitein vitroand generating infective stages that can be used to infect sticklebacks experimentally have been developed, and the system is increasingly used as a laboratory model for investigating aspects of host-parasite interactions. Recent experimental laboratory studies have focused on the immune responses of hosts to infection, the consequences of infection for the growth and reproductive development of host fish and the effects of infection on host behaviour. Here we introduce the host and the parasite, review the major findings of these recent experimental infection studies and identify further aspects of host parasite interactions that might be investigated using the system.

scholarly journals Circadian immune circuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Palomino-Segura ◽  
Andrés Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Central Clock

Immune responses are gated to protect the host against specific antigens and microbes, a task that is achieved through antigen- and pattern-specific receptors. Less appreciated is that in order to optimize responses and to avoid collateral damage to the host, immune responses must be additionally gated in intensity and time. An evolutionary solution to this challenge is provided by the circadian clock, an ancient time-keeping mechanism that anticipates environmental changes and represents a fundamental property of immunity. Immune responses, however, are not exclusive to immune cells and demand the coordinated action of nonhematopoietic cells interspersed within the architecture of tissues. Here, we review the circadian features of innate immunity as they encompass effector immune cells as well as structural cells that orchestrate their responses in space and time. We finally propose models in which the central clock, structural elements, and immune cells establish multidirectional circadian circuits that may shape the efficacy and strength of immune responses and other physiological processes.

scholarly journals Genetic colour polymorphism is associated with avian malarial infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 20160839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gangoso ◽  
Rafael Gutiérrez-López ◽  
Josué Martínez-de la Puente ◽  
Jordi Figuerola
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Differential Ability ◽  
Host Parasite

Individual genetic diversity is predicted to influence host–parasite interactions. Together with the genes directly associated with immune responses, variation in genes regulating vertebrate melanin-based pigmentation may play an important role in these interactions, mainly through the pleiotropic effects that affect colour-specific physiology, behaviour and immunity. Here, we test the hypothesis that the prevalence of avian malarial parasites differs between phenotypes in a raptor species in which the genetic basis of colour polymorphism and its pleiotropic effects over immune functions are known. We found that dark morphs had a higher prevalence of Plasmodium parasites than pale ones but detected no such association for Haemoproteus . This pattern may be associated with unequal exposure to vectors or, as suggested by our circumstantial evidence, to a differential ability to mount an immune response against blood parasites.

scholarly journals Proteomic identification of galectin-11 and 14 ligands fromHaemonchus contortus

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4510
Author(s):  
Dhanasekaran Sakthivel ◽  
Jaclyn Swan ◽  
Sarah Preston ◽  
MD Shakif-Azam ◽  
Pierre Faou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Zinc Metalloprotease ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Affinity Column Chromatography ◽  
Host Parasite

Haemonchus contortusis the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in sheep and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately cause death. The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic infection; however, their ligands are unknown. In the current study, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands inH. contortuswere identified from larval (L4) and adult parasitic stages extracts using immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more putative protein targets in the adult stage ofH. contortus(43 proteins) when compared to the larval stage (two proteins). Of the 43 proteins identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35 proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14, respectively, with 26 proteins binding to both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-specific sperm-coating protein and zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine candidates, were identified as putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. The identification of glycoproteins ofH. contortusby LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new insights into host-parasite interactions and the potential for developing new interventions.

Transplantation of adult Trichinella spiralis between hosts: worm survival and immunological characteristics of the host–parasite relationship

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Kennedy ◽  
D. Wakelin ◽  
Margaret M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Nih Mouse

SUMMARYA technique for the transplantation of Trichinella spiralis worms directly into the host intestine is described. Infections established by the direct transfer of adult worms were essentially normal both in terms of their survival and reproduction and in their stimulation of, and susceptibility to, host immune responses. Worms transplanted from NIH mouse donors at intervals after infection had an equal ability to survive in the recipient, even when taken from the donor shortly before or during the process of worm expulsion, showing that expulsion does not require worms to be irreversibly damaged. It was noted, however, that after 7 days in the donor the ability of the worm to reproduce in the recipient was temporarily impaired.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document